The Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee...

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The Impact of Organizational Culture On Employee Satisfaction and Productivity 1 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Satisfaction and Productivity Submitted to Emranul Huq Senior Lecturer School of Business United International University Submitted by Emam Hossan Noshin Riaz Shanaz Murshed Naz Abdul Halim Rubayia Rafi 111072049 111072090 111072161 111073090 111072036 Sec: B January, 2009 2 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Certification†¦show more content†¦..........................10 Sources of Data Limitation ..........................................................................................10 Chapter- 2 Literature Review...............................................................................................11 Definition of Organizational Culture................................................................................12 Organizational Culture.................................................................................................13 Analyzing Organizational Culture....................................................................................15 Organizational Culture Profile .........................................................................................16 Type of Organizational Culture .......................................................................................17 Elements of Organization Culture........................................... .........................................18 Healthy Organizational Culture .......................................................................................20 Organizational Culture Questionnaire ..............................................................................22 What Is A Healthy Organizational Culture?.....................................................................23 Organizational Culture Perspective..................................................................................24 Definition of SocializationShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Employee Job Satisfaction Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesReview In management areas there are many definition of employee job satisfaction in different approaches; and there are many studies varied in the defining the term job satisfaction. The people who work in the organizations and people who study in this area both are interested to study of Job satisfaction. The terms Job Satisfaction refers â€Å"an individual’s general attitude toward one job’s† [Stephenson P. Robbins, 2005] Job satisfaction is psychological aspects that deals with individual feelingsRead MoreJob Satisfaction in Organizational Psychology1537 Words   |  7 PagesJob Satisfaction in Organizational Psychology Job satisfaction can be known to some people as an important element in their lives. If an individual is unhappy with their occupation it may affect other parts of their life. Job satisfaction can be seen in what one wants in a job as to what one has in their current job. Definition of Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction can be defined as an attitude or feeling one can have toward ones job. Job satisfaction is the extent to which people like (satisfaction)Read MoreDifferences Between Culture And Climate1020 Words   |  5 Pagesown words, define organizational â€Å"culture† versus â€Å"climate†. To me, organizational culture is a company’s framework preserved by the employees that outlines what they deem important, what they stand for, and an image that they want to project. Oftentimes, a company’s culture is verbalized by their rules, regulations, mission statement and their company values. The culture is decided by the company and influences how an employee behaves in the organization. Conversely, organizational climate is deemedRead MoreVisual And Verbal Components Of An Organization Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Culture is something like behavioral rules which are unwritten and unspoken that is produced when group of people comes at a place to work together. Culture is created by the attitude, the values, beliefs and important assumptions as well as performance and activities shared by a group of people. Organizational culture is made up of every sort of experiences that all employee brings to the work place. Organization culture is particularly introduced by the organization s founder, executivesRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Leadership1275 Words   |  6 Pagesexchange and culture of honesty, accountability, unbiased treatment, consideration, and respect across an organization. Wang and Sung (2016) conducted a study of 491 workers from 33 organizations to examine the relationships of ethical leadership and OCBs, and determined ethical leadership had a controlling effect on workplace jealousy. Wu, Kwan, Yim, Chiu, and He (2015) examined 242 Chinese firms and measured chief executive officers’ ethical leadership, organizational ethical culture, and corporateRead MoreLeadership And Its Effect On Employee s Productivity1568 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership is a crucial concept in the organizational sciences and has prompted many researchers to study its effects and benefits on management as well as its effects on employee’s productivity. In the structure of an organization or institution, the position of leadership is fundamental for its proper function and operation. Leadership is about having the ability to influence others. Having influence means that there is a greater need on the part of leadership positions to exercise their influenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Quicken Loans, The Third Largest Retail Mortgage Of The United States1472 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong corporate culture which drives decision-making. In analyzing Quicken Loans’ goals and values have on job satisfaction and motivation, there are key components from both Job Characteristics Model and the Employee Satisfaction Model that could be applied their business model. There are similarities with both models, regarding goal setting to motivate and incentivize, task identity and significance, focus on job performance, job satisfaction, productivity, and customer satisfaction. Quicken loansRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Culture?1204 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is organizational culture? â€Å"organizational culture refers to the beliefs and values that have existed in an organization for a long time, and to the beliefs of the staff and the foreseen value of their work that will influence their attitudes and behaviors† (Tsai, 2011, â€Å"Abstract,† para. 1). Yafang Tsai (2011) defines it as â€Å"the belief that can guide staff in knowing what to do and what not to do, including practices, values, and assumptions about their work (para. 6). It can even be definedRead MoreEmployee Satisfaction1221 Words   |  5 Pagessubject matter of this case involves the job satisfaction and employee engagement of a spa company’s workforce called Bella. The case depicts a new general manager Kris Jenkins’s concern that Bella’s numbers had deteriorated dramatically in the past year. Profits were down; absenteeism was up; turnover, while not dramatic, was higher than it had been in the past five years. This report shows how important the employ ee engagement to bring job satisfaction which overall leads a company with a less absenteeismRead MoreJob Satisfaction1431 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEADER: Job Satisfaction Team Paper Job Satisfaction Team Paper PSY428 June 21, 2010 Maria Cuddy-Casey Job Satisfaction Team Paper With today’s ever-changing, stressful environment individual job satisfaction is critical to the success of any organization. Today’s individuals are looking for more than a job; they are searching for a career that will challenge them, allowing them to grow and progress within the organization. They need a sense of accomplishment while allowing

The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay - 967 Words

The book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, but also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspects and background information that play as factors to one of the most looked at events. It begins with describing the basics: John F. Kennedy went to visit with the people of Texas. When he arrived, he was escorted down the streets in a convertible automobile with no top. This led to the devastating shooting of Kennedy. From here, details were more specific. The story went on to tell about Kennedy s surgery. The UPI News was the first to announce of his death. Television and radio broadcasts were filled with nothing other than Kennedy s assassination whereabouts. Once Kennedy died, Vice President Johnson moved up in his place. The book went on to the real question: Who is responsible? Marrion Baker reported that he heard gunfire from the depository, where police immediately began to search. Police spotted Lee Oswald, continued to search until finding bullets and a gun, and then could not find Oswald anymore. People left statements of seeing a guy hurry along in a taxi thatShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by severalRead MoreThe John F. Kennedy Assassination1803 Words   |  8 PagesU.S. History 102 Research Project The John F. Kennedy Assassination Cody D. Bindley History 102: 1865 to Present Instructor Sumner February 7, 2016 INTRODUCTION On November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was attending a parade in Dallas, Texas. During this parade President Kennedy was traveling in a 1961 convertible Lincoln Continental limousine with the top down. President Kennedy was traveling in the third row passenger side seat of the vehicle, seated to his left was

Mobile Technology Ltd Legal Issue

Question: Write an essay certain legal issues arise related with Mobile Technology Ltd. (MTL) Answer: On the basis of the facts that have been mentioned above, certain legal issues arise related with Mobile Technology Ltd. (MTL). The first issue is that the majority shareholders of the company, James and Jenny Lee holding 60% shares of the corporation wanted that the companys management should be conducted in a way that is more advantageous to them. In case the directors of the company, Harry, Minh and Jackson do not follow their wishes, they threatened to take over the management of MTL. Similarly, other issue is related with minority oppression as a minority shareholder of the company, Martin Lu is concern regarding the way, the directors of MTL are draining its assets. In this regard, Martin wants that extraordinary general meeting of the shareholders should be called but the directors are not willing. Another issue is related with a clause present in the constitution of MTL according to which, the business of the company will be restricted to manufacture, sale and purchase of pla sma TVs and DVD players. But now the directors want that the companys business should be changed to the manufacturing and distribution of smart phones and I Pods as the directors think that the TV and DVD market has become stagnated. In the same way, another issue that arises on the basis of the given facts is that the directors of the company are planning to set up another company and they're going to sell the TV business to the new corporation that is owned and controlled by them. The Corporations Act, 2001 has provided far-reaching remedies in case the minority shareholders of the company have to face oppressive conduct. In this regard, the law requires that the director should use their powers and manage the corporation, considering the interests of the shareholders as a whole.But it is possible that the majority shareholders may expect or even demand that the corporation should be managed in such a way that is more favorable for the majority even if it proves to be harmful for others. Generally the minority shareholders lacked the ability to have an impact on the undertakings of the corporation, still it is vital that the directors act fairly and take care that their decisions endorse the interests of the corporation as a whole and all its shareholders and not only the majority shareholders. In case the directors were unsuccessful in it, they can be held in breach of their statutory duties and similarly, they also risk being engaged in oppressive conduct. In such a case, far-reaching remedies may be available against the directors that can have a significant impact on the company. The Corporations Act has also prescribe certain duties for the directors which mention that they should not use their position improperly and act in good faith and in the best interests of the company. These duties have been prescribed by the Corporations Act and also by the common law. Usually the term minority oppression denotes the conduct falling within the purview of section 232. This section provides extensive powers to the courts to provide relief to the shareholders in case the conduct of the affairs of the company, including any actual or proposed act, can be described as being contrary to the interests of the shareholders of the company as a whole or if it is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory against a shareholder or shareholders. In this way, the target of section 232 is the conduct due to which the minority shareholders of the company may have to face some commercial unfairness. This section has been drafted extensively and as a result, there are no defined limits placed on what may be considered as the offending conduct. In this case, the offending conduct can be the conduct of the company, or its directors or the other shareholders. For this purpose, conduct is evaluated by the courts by applying an objective test that is based on cons idering if the conduct will be considered as unfair by any reasonable commercial bystander. However it needs to be mentioned that in this regard it is not enough if a shareholder has been prejudiced or discriminated against. There should also be an element of unfairness that extends beyond a mere disadvantage. In practice, generally a question arises when a minority shareholder is subjected to unfairness or prejudiced due to the abuse of majority power or control on the corporation. The actions taken in bad faith are more likely to be treated as oppressive by the courts. However conduct can be considered oppressive even if it was undertaken lawfully and in good faith if such conduct proves to be disadvantageous or creates the burden on the minority that would be treated as beyond fair and reasonable by any commercial bystander. Such a conduct may take place even if all the members of the company have been treated equally. Some of the examples of the conduct stated by the courts as being oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory can be given as follows. Therefore, such conduct includes the issue of shares, mainly for weakening the voting rights of the majority; nonpayment of dividend to the shareholders or making excessive payments to the directors when such decisions cannot be justified objectively due to the circumstances of the corporation; insistently declining to call the meetings in order to avert involvement by the minority shareholders; applying the funds of the company for the benefit of certain shareholders and not all the shareholders and excluding a director who represents a shareholder, from the management of the company. In most of the cases in which minority oppression has been alleged in the courts, unlisted private corporations are involved instead of the public entities. The cause behind this situation can be that in case of a listed corporation the disgruntled shareholders c an sell their shares but on the other hand, in case of a private company, there is generally no market for the shares owned by the minority shareholders. Generally it has been seen that in case of minority oppression, one shareholder or director is kept out of the management of the company or the company conducts the capital raising or share buyback due to which the equity of the minority is diluted. Other instances include the cases where the minority shareholders are not receiving any dividend or cannot sell their shares and their capitalist dog in the company indefinitely while the company is being run for the advantage of others, like significant salaries being paid to the management. Therefore under these circumstances, litigation appears to be the only way available to the minority shareholders to extract their capital. It also needs to be mentioned at this point that generally in case of minority oppression, there is also a breach of duties by the directors of the company, particularly the range of duties that have been mentioned in section 181 to 183, Corporations Act. In this regard, these duties of the directors can be briefly described as the duty of the directors to act in the best interests of the company (section 181); not exercising their powers for achieving an advantage (section 181) and not misusing the information received by the directors for achieving a personal advantage (section 183). Therefore in view of the statutory duty of the directors to exercise their powers in good faith and in the best interests of the company, it is necessary that the directors should act in best interests of the company, or the best interests of all the shareholders of the company as a general body. But in practice of ideas possible that the shareholders may have different or competing interests and as a result, sometimes it becomes very difficult on nearly impossible for the directors to act in a particular way so that everyone in the company can be satisfied. There are many decisions taken by the board of the company that may have very little or no direct impact on the individual shareholders but there are certain steps like share buybacks, situating capital raisings or the appointment/removal of the directors, that we have a direct impact on the interests of the individual shareholders. As a result, any acts of the directors in which the interests of one set of the shareholders have been preferred as compared to the shareholders as a whole, can be considered as a breach of their duties by the directors and it may also fall within the purview of oppressive conduct as mentioned in section 232. In this regard, section 232 provides that the courts have discretion to provide a wide range of remedies in order to protect the minority shareholders from the effect of oppressive conduct. Therefore the court may order that one or more shareholders purchase the shares owned by the minority, at a price that has been determined by the court; that the minority shares are purchased by the company; the appointment of a receiver and manager; a particular act should be done by a person or that the company may be wound up. However, it has been generally seen that the shareholders want that their shares should be purchased by the company or the other shareholders or in other words, a buyout ordered by the court at a price that has been decided by the court. According to the broad principle, the courts are required to grant the remedy in such a case that is least intrusive and therefore, generally the courts tried to avoid the remedy of winding up a solvent company. But when the court has ord ered a buyback and the majority shareholders of the company are unable to pay the price that has been fixed by the court, the court may order the winding up of the company. Similarly, the director shareholders who are held to be involved in oppressive conduct and the breach of their duties risk of being ordered that they should buy the shares belonging to the minority at the price decided by the court. In the present case, James and Jenny Lee are the majority shareholders of MTL and they jointly hold 60% shares in the company. They want to have a more significant role in managing the company and also advised the directors of MTL that the business strategy of the company should be changed and more attention should be paid to the wishes of the majority shareholders. In case the directors do not follow their wishes, they also threatened to take over the management of the company. But in view of the above mentioned discussion, it is clear that the directors of MTL should manage the affairs of the company, keeping in view the interests of all the shareholders of the company and not just the majority shareholders like James and Jenny Lee. On the other hand, a minority shareholder, Martin Lu who holds 5% shares in the company is concerned that the decisions taken by the directors of MTL will drain the assets of the company. In this regard, Martin wants that an extraordinary general meetin g of the shareholders of MTL should be called for the purpose of discussing these concerns but the board of MTL is reluctant to call such a meeting. This conduct of the directors of MTL can be described as oppressive conduct and as a result, the remedies that have been provided to the minority shareholders in case of oppressive conduct may be available to Martin Lu. The shareholders of MTL also want that the business of the company should be changed to smart phones and iPods but it needs to be noted that there is a clause present in the constitution of MTL according to which, the business of the company has been restricted to the manufacture of television and DVD players. Therefore, any change in the business of the company can be introduced only after a resolution has been passed by the majority shareholders of the company. The decision taken by the directors of MTL to establish another company, Stan Mobile Pty Ltd and sell the television business of MTL to this company can also be treated as a breach of directors' duties as these duties require that the director should not take a personal advantage through the decisions taken by them. Bibliography Crosling G M, Murphy H M, How to Study Business Law 4th Edition, Butterworths, 2009 Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition, 2015 Latimer, P, Australian Business Law CC, 2016 Edition Pentony, Graw, Lennard Parker, Understanding Business Law 3rd edButterworths, 2009 Stephen Graw, 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters Sweeney, OReilly Coleman, 2013, Law in Commerce, 5th Ed., LexisNexis Vermeesch, R B, Lindgren, K E, Business Law of AustraliaButterworths, 11th Edition, 2005

Science Vocabulary free essay sample

Chapter 18 Vocabulary †¢Energy Efficiency- Percentage of the total energy input that does useful work and is not converted into low-quality, usually useless heat in an energy conversion system or process. See energy quality, net energy. †¢Incandescent Light Bulb- One largely used devices that uses large amounts of energy, wastes 95% of its energy input of electricity †¢Internal Combustion Engine- Another device that uses a lot of energy, wastes 75%-80% of the energy in its fuel Coal-Burning Power Plant- Device that uses a lot of energy, wastes 66% waste †¢Net Energy- only energy that really counts †¢Net Energy Efficiency- a measure of the useful energy we get from a resource after subtracting the energy used and wasted to make energy available †¢Cogeneration- Production of two useful forms of energy, such as high-temperature heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source. †¢Super insulated house- House that is heavily insulated and extreme ly airtight. Typically, active or passive solar collectors are used to heat water, and an air-to-air heat exchanger is used to prevent buildup of excessive moisture and indoor air pollutants. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Vocabulary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Green roof- covered with plants, provide good insulation, absorb storm water, outlast conventional roofs, and make a building more energy efficient †¢Photovoltaic (PV) cell- Device that converts radiant (solar) energy directly into electrical energy †¢Solar Cells- used to produce electricity †¢Hydropower- Electrical energy produced by falling or flowing water Turbine- produce electricity †¢Biofuel- Gas or liquid fuel (such as ethyl alcohol) made from plant material (biomass) †¢Geothermal- Heat transferred from the earths underground concentrations of dry steam (steam with no water droplets), wet steam (a mixture of steam and water droplets), or hot water trapped in fractured or porous rock. †¢Micro power Systems- Systems of small-scale decentralized units that generate 1-10,000 kilowatts of electricity. Examples include micro turbines, fuel cells, and household solar panels and solar roofs

Assignment 1 free essay sample

Professor Identify the pros and cons of the partnership as a form of ownership. Discuss funding options for small businesses. Determine and discuss how managerial accounting can help managers with product costing, incremental analysis and budgeting. Discuss the basic components of the marketing process using a product or service of your choice as an example. Discuss the roles of social responsibility and technology in the marketing function. A partnership as a form of ownership is formed quite simply. When two or more people get together and come to an agreement on what type of business to take part in, then all parties share investment, profit, and of course loss. Lets discuss the pros and cons ofa partnership. Pros, one of the many things all investors would like to see out weight the cons in anything they are engaged in mentally, physically, and of course financially. First of all, one pro would be how easy it is to create a partnership. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You simply get with at least one other person come to an agreement over all the business details, and BAM you have a partnership. Some people are comfortable in erbal agreements but I personally would suggest you get all your partnership details on a written legal document Just in case. Funding is another advantage toa partnership. When two or more people come together to form a business partnership money is invested from all parties involved in turn the business has a stronger financial backing to support it. Not only will the business have a strong financial backing all partners invested may have access to outside money to support the business even further along. One of the best advantages in being in a business partnership is shared responsibility. Shared responsibility is crucial in a successful business and of course partnership. When the business starts to get a bit heavy you can hand it to your partner or partners to carry the work load for a while. You can also look to your partners for moral support when you may think things arent going as stated in your business plan. So far we have heard the pros ofa business partnership but like every bandage that fixes that painful spot you eventually have to pull it off. Cons, the opposite of Pro, the many things that all business investors need to know before investing but never want to hear. You may be thinking since it was a breeze to create this business partnership the rest will come as a breeze. You could your mind; everyone who is a partner is liable for all debts. You and your partners are all Jointly or individually liable for all debts accumulated by the business. For example, lets say your partner or partners are taking the profits the business is making and gambling with it. Your partners blow away all the profits on poker games and skip town what then, thats right you are still liable for any debt accumulated by the business. Another obvious con is your business partners will want to share the rofits made by the business. You cant assume when the business makes profit everyone will agree on saving it. Your partner or partners may want to buy cars, houses, or maybe boats. You dont have total control of the business. Business decisions are made Jointly not on your own. You may run into disagreements that in turn create the other partner to leave the business, or even lead to buying out the other partner. Pros and cons are a great way to see if youre the, partner type, if so make sure you pick the right partner or partners for your business. There are many ther factors in owning and running a business. For example, in order to get your business off the ground you have to find the money to do so. Debt financing is one way you can start up your business. Debt financing is simply going to a bank that knows you have good credit, a good standing history with them, and apply for a small business loan. In the current economy most banks can be very hesitant to offer you the loan so another way is equity. Selling a share of your business meaning you arent solely in charge or will now be sharing the profits may be scary, but it can help you start up your business. After starting up your business you now have to manage the business or appoint someone for the Job. Managing the accounting is a great way to stay on top of product cost, and budgeting. Managerial accounting is detailed data used for inside members of a company. Managerial accounting includes things like cost of the product, cost of shipping, cost of employee benefits, cost of turnover, basically every number available to you and your partners. You can determine if you have the budget to raise wages for your employees to boost employee morale. Each business owner can use the data to do their Job better. You can go to your losses data and determine if your employees are stealing from you. Then determine how much more security you will need in order to prevent product loss. If you or your manager for your business needs to determine if their product was set at the right price they could view the sales data to see if the supply met the demand. If you see that one of your items hasnt been selling very well you can set it at a lower price or you can Just order less of such product. If you see you sold a lot of a particular product you can raise the price as you see fit. You now know if you are the partner ype, you know a couple ways to possibly fund your business, and you know how to manage your data and budget. How are you going to get costumers through your door or buying your product? How will you market yourself? Lets use my dream business as an example. I would like to open up a caf © lounge that serves fair trade coffee, craft beer, and fine wines. In order for me to make any kind of better profit for my business I have to market my business. You have to give the people what they want in my case I would produce amazing cups of coffee. My business would offer a coffee with better taste, and appeal. My coffee would be made with love and not thrown at you in the pickup line simultaneously saying, NEXT. My caf © lounge would major downtown street. Location is important for my caf © lounge so doing a little research of the area by visiting throughout all times of the day to see the amount of traffic the area receives is crucial. Then maybe you can ask around the nearby stores to see if customers purchase a lot of coffee. You can even go to the nearest coffee shop and see what coffee and vibe they offer and simply ask the locals what kind of coffee they like or would like to drink in what kind of atmosphere. After finding your target market, a great location, building your business, affordable product pricing, and setting your hours of operation it is time to promote your business. You can put ads in the local newspaper, ads in local magazines, and maybe even do a commercial broadcast in the tri county area. You will have to set your product apart from all the other competitors. For me coffee is all about personality, process, and taste. In order to retain customers your employees have to be personable, professional, and building customer relationships. Then theres process, customers will see you make heir drink every step of the way making it an enjoyable experience. Lastly is taste, my employees being highly trained baristas will make you a drink to your satisfaction in a timely fashion all the while maintaining a welcoming atmosphere for my caf © lounge. Having the best tasting coffee and vibe may do Justice but for long term business it may not be enough this is when you bring in the events. Doing special events with your business such as charities, open mic nights, acoustic Jam sessions, and book clubs is a great way to attract more customers and maintain current ones. Internet is your best friend. Creating a website for your business is an amazing marketing play. It allows your customers to have 2417 access to information, and product choices. You can post updates on new product arrivals, special events, and specific information for each product you offer. The best part about having a website is they can look you up anywhere in the world that offers internet. Another great marketing strategy is purchasing ad space on other websites like a grocery franchise or sports sites. Green marketing is another great way to market your business. Customers love knowing your business is eco friendly by recycling, or using recycled aterial. By simply pushing customers to buy coffee to drink in house rather than take away conserves paper cups in turn less garbage. If customers choose to take to go anyways inform the customers all your paper products are recycled and recyclable. Offering organic treats to eat along with their coffee can promote a green business as well. In the end knowing everything there is to build, manage, and market your business your goal is to have long term profitability. You want to exceed customer satisfaction, you want to blow away the competition, and be prepared for even harder competition in the future. Assignment 1 free essay sample Can sit unsupported on floor for a period of 10-15 minutes. Is able to lean forward to pick up an object while maintaining balance. Can rotate body to look sideways and reach out to grasp a suspended object or to pick up a toy from the floor. Demonstrates energetic movements of entire body while in cot, pram or bath. Is able to advance across the floor by using rolling or squirming movements. Makes attempts to crawl and is occasionally successful. Has the ability to strand by using surrounding objects as support to achieve an upright position. But is unable to lower themselves back to the floor in a controlled fashion. When supported in a standing position, can take steps using alternative feet. Demonstrates a visual awareness of people, objects and events which occur in the environment. When offered an object, they will reach out to grab it. Handles objects eagerly and inquisitively, using hands to manipulate them for examination. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pokes at small objects with index finger and uses same finger to point at objects which are out of reach. Can pick up small objects between finger and thumb in a crude ‘pincer’ hold. Can release a held object by dropping it, but is unable to set it down in a controlled manner. Correctly follows the direction of fallen objects, including those falling out of sight. Observes actions of adjacent adults, children and animals with interest for period of a few minutes. Become steady on their feet and display more controlled movements. Can carry an object such as a toy whilst walking. Can climb onto a large chair and turn to sit on it. Kneel without any support and squat to pick up an object. Begin to run steadily but cannot avoid objects. Begin to walk upstairs using a railing, putting two feet on each step. Point to objects that they recognise. Build a small tower using 3-4 blocks. Hold their own spoon when feeding themselves. Hold a pencil with their whole hand or between the thumb and the first two fingers, known as primitive tripod grasp. Can thread large beads onto lace. walks or run by self up and down steps. can stand ,walk and hop. Skilfully climbs trees. Rides a trike expertly . Able to cross arms and legs. Able to throw, catch, Bounce and kick a ball. Dance to music Able to walk on a fine line Able to stand alone on 1 foot for about 1o seconds Can stretch touch toes without moving knees. Can grip strongly with both hands. Able to hop a short distance using both feet. Jump from objects with confidence Able to run and jump avoiding objects Hop with good balance and using both feet and kick a football Able to throw and catch with accuracy Use a two wheeled bicycle with or without stabilisers Skip alternating feet Build towers with blocks high and straight Hold a pencil, write numbers or letters, write their own name May start writing simple stories Walk along bean using arms for balance Use apparatus with skill Increased stamina Use colours naturalistic (green for grass/blue for sky Draw people with features Use a large needle to sew Can ride a 2 wheeled bike quite easily Can skip, hop and run quite confidently Begin to change in appearance and experience puberty Have more control in writing Become more detailed in drawing Growth accelerates Puberty Boys voice changes Girls breast grow Appetites increase Skin may become more oily, causing problems such as acne. Emotional, Social, Behavioural and Moral Newborn– 6 months 9 months –15mts 18 Months – 3 Years 4 – 5 Years 6 – 7 Years 8 – 12 Years 13 to 19 Years New born till 1 month:- Cuddling Shows pleasure at feeding 1-3 months:- Smiles at familiar adult Forces on adult face when being feed Starting to show emotions Take pleasure in sucking Looks in direction when someone is speaking 3-6 months:- Gets pleasure from familiar routine e. g. bedtime bath time Forces on parent/carer giver when feeding Shows enjoyment when cradled Smiles at everyone in their surrounding Stay awake for pro-longed periods At this age 70% sleep through the night 6-9months:- Copies other people emotions Starts finger foods Becomes upset when parent/carer leaves room Becomes shy around strangers Begin to share toys 9-12months:- Likes to chew/suck on objects Drinks from cup with a lid Takes pleasure in making noise with toys Gets pleasure from pointing at what they want Enjoys solitary play Likes familiar adult to be close by ( make strange) Gets pleasure from music and rhyme Know what they want when feeding and at bed time May want a comforter when unsettled

Hypotaxis in English Sentence Structure

Hypotaxis in English Sentence Structure Hypotaxis also called subordinating style, is a grammatical and rhetorical  term used to describe an arrangement of phrases or clauses in a dependent or subordinate relationship that is, phrases or clauses ordered one under another. In hypotactic constructions, subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns serve to connect the dependent elements to the  main clause. Hypotaxis comes from the Greek word for subjection. In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics,  John Burt points out that hypotaxis can also extend beyond the sentence boundary, in which case the term refers to a style in which the logical relationships among sentences are explicitly rendered.In Cohesion in English,  M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify three primary types of hypotactic relation: Condition (expressed by clauses of condition, concession, cause, purpose, etc.); addition (expressed by the non-defining relative clause); and report.They also note that hypotactic and paratactic structures may combine freely in a single clause complex. Examples and Observations on Hypotaxis One December morning near the end of the year when snow was falling moist and heavy for miles all around so that the earth and the sky were indivisible, Mrs. Bridge emerged from her home and spread her umbrella. Evan S. Connell, Mrs. Bridge (1959)Let the reader be introduced to Joan Didion, upon whose character and doings much will depend on whatever interest these pages may have, as she sits at her writing-table in her own room in her own house on Welbeck Street. Joan Didion, Democracy  (1984)When I was around nine or ten I wrote a play which was directed by a young, white schoolteacher, a woman, who then took an interest in me, and gave me books to read, and, in order to corroborate my theatrical bent, decided to take me to see what she somewhat tactlessly referred to as real plays. James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (1955)Samuel Johnsons Hypotactic StyleAmong  the innumerable practices by which  interest or envy have taught those who live upon literary fame to disturb each other at their airy banquets, one of the most common is the charge of plagiarism. When the excellence of a new composition can no longer be contested, and malice is compelled to give way to the unanimity of applause, there is yet this one expedient to be tried, by which the author may be degraded, though his work be reverenced; and the excellence which we cannot obscure, may be set at such a distance as not to overpower our fainter lustre. This accusation is dangerous, because, even when it is false, it may be sometimes urged with probability.   Samuel Johnson, The Rambler  (July 1751) Virginia Woolfs Hypotactic StyleConsidering how common illness is, how tremendous the spiritual change that it brings, how astonishing when the lights of health go down, the undiscovered countries that are then disclosed, what wastes and deserts of the soul a slight attack of influenza brings to view, what precipices and lawns sprinkled with bright flowers a little rise of temperature reveals, what ancient and obdurate oaks are uprooted in us by the act of sickness, how we go down into the pit of death and feel the waters of annihilation close above our heads and wake thinking to find ourselves in the presence of the angels and the harpers when we have a tooth out and come to the surface in the dentist’s arm-chair and confuse his Rinse the mouth rinse the mouth with the greeting of the Deity stooping from the floor of Heaven to welcome us when we think of this, as we are so frequently forced to think of it, it becomes strange indeed that illness has not taken its place with love and battle and jealousy among the prime themes of literature. Virginia Woolf, On Being Ill, New Criterion (January 1926) Oliver Wendell Holmes Use of HypotaxisIf you have advanced in line and have seen ahead of you the spot you must pass where the rifle bullets are striking; if you have ridden at night at a walk toward the blue line of fire at the dead angle of Spottsylvania, where for twenty-four hours the soldiers were fighting on the two sides of an earthwork, and in the morning the dead and dying lay piled in a row six deep, and as you rode you heard the bullets splashing in the mud and earth about you; if you have been in the picket-line at night in a black and unknown wood, have heard the splat of the bullets upon the trees, and as you moved have felt your foot slip upon a dead mans body; if you have had a blind fierce gallop against the enemy, with your blood up and a pace that left no time for fear if, in short, as some, I hope many, who hear me, have known, you have known the vicissitudes of terror and triumph in war; you know that there is such a thing as the faith I spoke of. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., The Soldiers Faith (May 1895)Holmes, a thrice-wounded officer of the Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteers, knew whereof he spoke, certainly. The passage [above] is drawn up like lines of battle, if clauses (the protasis) that one has to pass one-by-one before reaching the then clause (the apodosis). The syntax is, in the literal sense of the Greek, a line of battle. The sentence ... seems to map a series of Civil War skirmish lines. This is hypotactic arrangement for certain. Richard A. Lanham, Analyzing Prose (2003) Parataxis and HypotaxisTheres nothing wrong with parataxis. Its good, simple, plain, clean-living, hard-working, up-bright-and-early English. Wham. Bam. Thank you, maam.[George] Orwell liked it. [Ernest] Hemingway liked it. Almost no English writer between 1650 and 1850 liked it.The alternative, should you, or any writer of English, choose to employ it (and who is to stop you?) is, by use of subordinate clause upon subordinate clause,  which itself may be subordinated to those clauses that have gone before or after, to construct a sentence of such labyrinthine grammatical complexity that, like Theseus before you when he searched the dark Minoan mazes for that monstrous monster, half bull and half man, or rather half woman for it had been conceived from, or in, Pasiphae, herself within a Daedalian contraption of perverted invention, you must unravel a ball of grammatical yarn lest you wander forever, amazed in the maze, searching through dark eternity for a full stop.Thats hypotaxis , and it used to be everywhere. Its hard to say who started it, but the best candidate was a chap called Sir Thomas Browne. Mark Forsyth, The Elements of Eloquence: Secrets of the Perfect Turn of Phrase (2013)Classical and 18th-century hypotaxis suggests the virtues of balance and order; biblical and 20th-century parataxis (Hemingway, Salinger, McCarthy) suggest a democratic leveling and an inversion of natural power relations (the voice of the expatriate, the disillusioned, the outlaw). Hypotaxis is the structure of sober refinement and discrimination; parataxis the structure of intoxication and divinely inspired utterance. Timothy Michael, British Romanticism and the Critique of Political Reason  Ã‚  (2016) Characteristics of Hypotactic ProseHypotactic style allows syntax and structure to supply useful information. Instead of [a] simple juxtaposition of elements by way of simple and compound sentences, hypotactic structures rely more on complex sentences to establish relationships among elements. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969) observed, The hypotactic construction is the argumentative construction par excellence. Hypotaxis creates frameworks [and] constitutes the adoption of a position. James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies  (2001)The subordinating style orders its components in relationships of causality (one event or state is caused by another), temporality (events and states are prior or subsequent to one another), and precedence (events and states are arranged in hierarchies of importance). It was the books I read in high school rather than those I was assigned in college that influenced the choices I find myself making today two actions, one of which is prior to the other and has more significant effects that continue into the present. Stanley Fish, How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One  (2011)

National Subsidiaries of Multinational Companies Research Paper

National Subsidiaries of Multinational Companies - Research Paper Example Global business is constantly evolving and competition across businesses has led to a surge in companies expanding across domestic borders. Multinational companies and their subsidiaries have become an increasingly important part of the global business landscape. How the business is conducted is dependent on the relationship between the headquarters of the MNC and its subsidiaries. Various factors affect this relationship and in turn, determine the ultimate positioning of power in the organization.  Organization structure affects communication patterns and information flows within the MNC. Organization structure facilitates control and improving structural fit with organization strategy serves to bring the goals of the subsidiaries and the MNC on par with each other.  The aim of the paper will be to show that national subsidiaries of multinational corporations are powerless and are totally dependent on their parent company or the host government. The paper starts with some inform ation on MNC-Subsidiary relationship and moves on to discuss the organization structure and the various control mechanisms that are required to ensure that goals of subsidiaries and the headquarters are in parity with the organizational goal. Centralization and decentralization in MNCs, and how it affects the level of control and decision making in the organization is discussed. Moreover, the paper discusses the effects of the language barrier, geographical distance, and human resource management practices on the headquarters-subsidiary relationship and sheds light on the level of autonomy in each situation. The choice of entry as an investment in foreign markets is explained and how the two choices affect the level of control exercised by the headquarters is discussed. The paper ends with a conclusion.

Women Suffrage Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women Suffrage - Thesis Example n the hands of their physically stronger counterparts and tend mostly the home and the hearth, not to say that they could even if they wanted ,for power in the barbaric ages was the privilege of the brute . Neither could the vanquished classes, whatever the gender, theoretically come anywhere near it till the age of democracy ushered in by the thinkers and the educated classes of this world came to blossom. And education and knowledge, once it began to infiltrate the recesses of the kitchens, brought with it a desire for self determination and empowerment. Though subservience of women to men is advocated by various religious texts, it is a sad fact that duties demanded in return are found fantastically wanting. On the other side, the premise that women are totally excluded from decision-making is also not true, acknowledged popularly in the phenomenon known as â€Å"pillow talk†. A notable example from a religious text is the case of the Pilate’s wife, a woman of better sense and judgment and goodness than her husband, advocating leniency for Jesus Christ who was under the sentence of crucifixion.[Mathew 12;34,KJV]. Similar instances abound in history, which perhaps if heeded to, would have made the world a vastly better place and perhaps saved it from many a catastrophe. â€Å"Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could†, said Abigail Adams Abigail Adams  Quotes . AbigailAdams  (1744-1818) By Jone Johnson Lewis, About.com Guide Interesting and amusing sallies for and against the cause were presented in the â€Å"Woman’s Wrongs† and the Woman’s Rights by Rev. John Todd [Todd] and the â€Å"Woman’s Wrongs† by Mary Dodge [Dodge] . Early in the 18th century, the ideas promoted by Mary Astell , English philosopher in her epic letter Serious Proposal to Ladies, 1697,was one of the pioneers who led the charge saying [founded on Descartes theory of dualism which advocated that mind is not

Corporate Compliance Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Compliance Plan - Essay Example At that time, the total fan manufacturing process was transferred from Michigan to China, plus the Pontiac, MI, facility was re designed for the production of traditional plastic parts. Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide plastics producer employing almost 700 individuals with estimated annual income of more than $40 million. The corporation is entirely possessed by Riordan Industries with income aggregate of more than of $1 billion. The corporation's research and development is carried out at the business headquarters within San Jose. Riordan's chief clientele are automotive parts producers, aircraft producers, the Department of Defense, drink makers also bottlers, and machine producers. The company is accountable and responsible for the reliability as well as fortification of its production information. All the company accounts and documents are the one and only asset of the corporation and thus measured as being classified by its character, except as offered by law or else guideline. Preventing illegal utilization of the corporation's resources. It is the compulsion of all business councils to defend the resources of the company. Company assets, like the office provisions, office gear, with property, may not be utilized for personal benefits. every misuse or fraud of caused by utilization of the company's finances, information, gear, amenities otherwise other resources may well be deemed as criminal actions and can fetch harsh employment also legal penalties. A. preserving the company's reflection: The corporation's status and individuality are one of the most precious assets. All of the company legislatures are anticipated to perform themselves within a mode that replicates optimistically on the company's reflection and individuality, both internal and external. No one should act in a way that adversely influences the repute otherwise reflection of the corporation with employees, customers or else with the community. every company representative ought to make an effort to contract practically with the company's

Formation Processes of Silicon Carbide

Formation Processes of Silicon Carbide Effect of silicon carbide dispersion on the microwave absorbing properties of silicon carbide-epoxy composites in 2–40 GHz Yaw-Shun Hong, Tzu-Hao Ting, Chih-Chia Chiang, Ken-Fa Cheng Abstract Wide-band, strong absorption with low density and thin matching thickness are essential for electromagnetic wave absorbers. In this study, silicon carbide powders were successfully synthesized by the method of preheating combustion synthesis in nitrogen atmosphere and introduced into epoxy resin to be microwave absorber. The spectroscopic characterization of the formation processes of silicon carbide was studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microwave absorbing properties of the silicon carbide and thermal plastic resin were investigated by measuring reflection loss in the 2-18 and 18-40 GHz microwave frequency range using the free space method. It was found that the composite specimens of the silicon carbide and thermal plastic resin had the best microwave absorption due to the reflection losses between from -10 to -19.5 dB and from -3 to -9.1 dB at frequencies between 2-18 and 18-40 GHz. Keywords: Microwave absorption; Silicon carbide; X-ray diffraction; Scanning electron microscopy 1. Introduction During the past a few decades, the development of new microwave absorbing composites is being encouraged because these materials achieve better efficient ways for reducing the level of electromagnetic wave pollution generated by electronic and telecommunication systems. Recently many applications have been carried out on the microwave technology in the frequency range of 2–40 GHz [1-3]. To reduce the radar signature, many types of electromagnetic (EM) wave-absorbing materials have been designed to meet the requirements of both commercial and military affairs. The materials used as electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials can be classified as magnetic, dielectric or a hybrid, respectively. Actually, these classifications are based on the mechanism of the wave-material interaction, which varies based on the types of absorber centres used. Ideal microwave absorber should exhibit low-reflecting properties, strong reflection loss in broad bandwidth, low density and small thickness to facilitate their applications in many fields [4, 5]. As we know, the composite materials generally represent the natural interface between two worlds of chemistry each with very significant contributions to components interact at a molecular level. Dielectric polymer-matrix materials can include two different compounds with complementary properties in a single material and can be combine to reinforce or modify each other in specific applications. Extensive studies have been carried out to develop new and highly efficient absorbents, and various absorbers (such as conductive metal powder, ferrites, carbon products, chiral materials, synthetic organic fibres, etc.) have been isolated or synthesised [6-9]. However, in these materials, most absorbers like traditional ferrite powders and carbon series are unable to be employed at higher temperatures due to lower Curie temperatures and oxidation problem, respectively [10-14]. It is becoming very urgent to look for new microwave absorbers making electromagnetic wave disappearance by interfere nce, or satisfying the requirements of higher structural strength and temperature resistances in higher temperature environments. Due to their physical and electronic properties, Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important carbide, studied as a structural ceramic for a long time and has attractive properties, such as excellent strength and chemical resistance at high temperatures, semi-conductivity, high thermal stability and thermal conductivity, make it an attractive material in high-temperature structural, electric and functional applications [15-20]. On the other hand, Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the preferred and best characterised filler materials and is used in combination with polymers in military or civilian products [20-23]. Meanwhile, to the best of our knowledge, there are very few reported experimental results on the electromagnetic wave adsorption of silicon carbide between 2–18 and 18–40 GHz. Here, we present the microwave absorbing properties of the silicon carbide reinforced epoxy resin composites tested at 2–18 and 18–40 GHz using arch method, which was chosen to validate the absorbing efficiency of microwave absorbing material [24, 25]. The NRL (Naval Research Laboratory) arch free-space measurement method is a well-established measurement system for validating the absorbing efficiency of flat materials over broad frequency ranges. The NRL arch was widely used initially by the U.S. Navy for research testing purposes, and is a microwave measurement system that can measure the free space radar reflection coefficient. The reflection loss diagram showed that the powder silicon carbide-epoxy resin with 30-50 by weight ratio of silicon carbide to polymer is a good candidate material for use as a broad frequency microwave absorber. The NRL Arch is the industry standard for measuring the free space radar reflection coefficient of flat radar absorbing materials (RAM). It was first developed by the U.S. Naval Research Lab, the NRL. The NRL Arch is a wellestablished, freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ space measurement system for testing the absorbing efficiency of flat materials over broad frequency ranges. It was originally designed at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in 1945 for measuring angularà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ dependent performance of broadband Radar Absorbing Materials (RAM). 2. Experimental 2.1 Preparation of silicon carbide The silicon carbide powders were synthesized by the method of preheating combustion synthesis in nitrogen atmosphere, using silicon powder (à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“45 ÃŽ ¼m, 99.9% purity, mass fraction) and carbon black (20-40 nm, 99.9% purity) as the raw materials. The molar ratio of silicon powder and carbon black was blended in a molar ratio of Si-50% C. The mixed powders were poured into a graphite crucible and initiated by pre-heating at 1350 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C with the heating rate of 40 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C / min in a 0.1 MPa nitrogen atmosphere inside a resistance. After the synthesis process, the product was heated at temperature 850 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for 4 h in atmosphere condition to burn the excess carbon. The final cleanup to remove Si was carried out by leaching in HF, rinsing in distilled water and drying. 2.2 Preparation of silicon carbide-epoxy composites The composite specimens were prepared by molding and curing the mixture of silicon carbide and a thermal-plastic epoxy resin to be silicon carbide-epoxy composites. The mixing ratio of specimen powders to epoxy resin was 30 %, 35 %, 40 %, 45 % and 50 % by weight and the corresponding samples are marked with S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4 and S-5, respectively. Molding was carried out in a hydraulic press at 5 Mpa pressure and 80 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for 1.5 h, obtaining specimens of 180 mm Ãâ€" 180 mm with thickness of 2 mm for reflectivity measurements [26]. 2.3 Experimental techniques The characteristics of silicon carbide such as diameter and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy with EDX (SEM, HITACHI S-4800). The crystalline phases of the silicon carbide were analyzed by X-ray diffraction with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation. The performance test of radar absorbing was evaluated by reflectivity using Arch method. Reflectivity R is ratio of radar-absorbing material (RAM) reflective power to metallic plate reflective power, which can be expressed as: (1) Where Pa is the reflective power of the sample and Pm is the reflective power of metallic plate. In practice, we surveyed the ratio of the reflective power of the sample and the reflective power of metallic plate to the same reference signal that was in direct proportion to transmit, respectively. , (2) Where Pi is the reference signal. So (3) The Reflectivity was finally expressed with db as: (4) The schematic diagram of the experimental setup was shown in Fig. 1. The reflectivity of the samples were measured and compared with that from a plane metallic plate. Measurement was carried out using an HP8722ES network analyzer in the swept frequency range of 2–18 and 18–40 GHz. All samples were made 180 Ãâ€" 180 mm with thickness of 2 mm in order to cover the metallic plate for reflectivity measurements. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Structure characterization Figure 2 shows the scanning electron micrograph of the fresh silicon carbide. From this figure it is evident that majority of the silicon carbide particles are angular in nature. The surface composition of silicon carbide particles was distinctly determined with SEM-EDX spectrum (Fig. 2c). EDX analysis reveals that the SiC composed of the Si and C elements. The XRD pattern for the silicon carbide samples is presented in Fig. 3. From the XRD patterns, it can be easily observed that ÃŽ ²-SiC was formed by present major peaks located at 35.6 (111), 41.2 (200), 60.1 (220), 71.8 (311) and 75.1 (222), all of which are attributed to ÃŽ ²-SiC (JCPDS no. 29-1129). So the prepared product is pure ÃŽ ²-SiC powder. This result agrees well with the results obtained for ÃŽ ²-SiC prepared by the literature methods [27-30]. 3.2 Microwave absorbing properties in 2–18 GHz The different content of produced silicon carbide powders may change the impedance matching condition of microwave-absorption. Thus, as shown in Fig. 4, the reflection loss (RL) varies with filler content of the silicon carbide-epoxy composite in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz. It can be seen that with increasing the addition of silicon carbide and a maximum reflection loss of -19.5 dB was obtained at 7 GHz with the thickness 2.0 mm. Meanwhile, the centers of the reflection loss peaks for silicon carbide-epoxy composites move gradually to the lower frequencies (from 7 GHz to 4 GHz for S-1, -2, -3, -4 and -5 composites, respectively), which may also be attributed to the enhanced silicon carbide content. These results are consistent considering that the mechanism of wave absorption is mainly due to heat dissipation effects (on the condition of same thickness) of silicon carbide satisfying the perfect absorption condition and, therefore, are strongly linked to the conductivity o f medium. Fig. 5(a) shows the three-dimensional of RL values for silicon carbide-epoxy composites in terms of volume fraction at frequencies between 2 GHz and 18 GHz. Silicon carbide-epoxy composites absorbers present the effective absorption (RL 3.3 Microwave absorbing properties in 18–40 GHz Fig. 6 shows the experimental absorption characteristics of silicon carbide-epoxy composites in terms of volume fraction at frequencies between 18.0 GHz and 40.0 GHz. The variation of matching frequency with silicon carbide volume fraction is shown in Fig. 6. As we can see, the silicon carbide-epoxy composites displayed poor microwave absorption performance. Among the silicon carbide-epoxy composites, the powder prepared using an silicon carbide content of 45 wt% (S-4) had a pronounced absorption band at 25.2 GHz with a reflection loss of -9.1 dB. The significant improvement was considered to be resulted from a better impedance matching due to the certain ratio of silicon carbide, which might be ascribed to the special structures in the silicon carbide-epoxy composites. Fig. 7 (a, b) displayed the visual three dimensional and color-filling patterns of microwave absorption values of the silicon carbide-epoxy composites with different weight ratio of the silicon carbide. Obviously, S-1, S-2, S-3 and S-5 silicon carbide-epoxy composites absorbers present weak absorption (RL 4. Conclusion In summary, we have successfully prepared the silicon carbide via combustion method in nitrogen atmosphere. XRD and SEM studies have established formation of the silicon carbide material. Experimental results indicate that the silicon carbide-epoxy composites in 2–18 GHz exhibit better absorption performances than in 18–40 GHz. The shifts of the attenuation peak in microwave absorbing properties of composites are due to increasing the content of silicon carbide in all frequency range of 2–40 GHz. It was found that the optimum reflection loss could be obtained over a broad frequency region on the silicon carbide-epoxy composites. Microwave absorbing properties can be modulated simply by controlling weight ratio of silicon carbide on the samples for the required frequency bands. Due to the reflectivity performance and easy and low cost preparation routes, the silicon carbide has a promising potential for microwave absorber. References V. M. Petrov, V. V. Gagulin, J. Inorg. Mater. 37 (2001) 93. X. L. Shi, M. S. Cao, J. Yuan, X. Y. Fang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 (2009) 163108. R. MouÄ ka, A. V. Lopatin, N. E. Kazantseva, J. VilÄ Ãƒ ¡kovà ¡, P. Sà ¡ha, J. Mater. Sci. 42 (2007) 9480. T. H. Ting, K. H. Wu, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322 (2010) 2160. L. D. C. Folgueras, M. C. Rezende, Mat. Res. 11 (2008) 245. J. Cao, W. Y. Fu, H. B. Yang, Q. J. Yu, Y. Y. Zhang, J. Phys. Chem. B 113 (2009) 4642. N. J. Tang, W. Zhong, C. Au, Y. Yang, M. G. Han, K. J. Lin, Y. W. Du, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 19316. R. A. Stonier, SAMPE. J. 27 (1991) 9. M. A. Soto-Oviedo, O. A. Araà ºjo, R. Faez, M. C. Rezende, M. A. De Paoli, Synth. Met. 156 (2006) 1249. F. S. Wen, W. L. Zuo, H. B. Yi, N. Wang, L. Qiao, F. S. Li, Physica. B 404 (2009) 3567. L. Qiao, X. H. Han, B. Gao, J. B. Wang, F. S. Wen, F. S. Li, J. Appl. Phys. 105 (2009) 053911. L. Zhen, Y. X. Gong, J. T. Jiang, W. Z. Shao, J. Appl. Phys. 104 (2008) 0343121. Y. J. Chen, M. S. Cao, T. H. Wang, Q. Wan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004) 3367. S. M. Abbas, A. K. Dixit, R. Chatterjee, T. C. Goel, Mat. Sci. Eng. B 123 (2005) 167. V. D. Krstic, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75 (1992) 170. A. Fissel, B. Schroter, W. Richter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995) 3182. H. B. Jin, J. T. Li, M. S. Cao, S. Agathopoulos, Powder Technol. 196 (2009) 229. E. Mouchon, P. Colomban, J. Mater. Sci. 31 (1996) 323. K. S. Lim, O. Shevaleevskiy, Pure Appl. Chem. 80 (2008) 2140. B. Wang, Q. Zhao, S. C. Li, B. B. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 217 (2003) 314. R. S. Meena, S. Bhattachrya, R. Chatterjee, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322 (2010) 2908. D. L. Zhao, Q. Lv, Z. M. Shen, J. Alloys Compd. 480 (2009) 634. Y. Q. Kang, M. S. Cao, J. Yuan, L. Zhang, B. Wen, X. Y. Fang, J. Alloys Compd. 495 (2010) 254. D. K. Ghodgaonkar, V. V. Varadan, V. K. Varadan, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 37 (1989) 789. E. F. Knott, J. F. Shaeffer, M. T. Tuley, Rader Cross Section, New York: Artech House, 1993, pp. 9. T. H. Ting, R. Pu. Yu, Y. N. Jau, Mater. Chem. Phys. 126 (2011) 364. C. V. Rao, S. K. Singh, B. Viswanathan, Indian J. Chem. 47 (2008) 1619. G. W. Meng, Z. Cui, L.D. Zhang, F. Phillipp, J. Cryst. Growth. 209 (2000) 801. X. L. Su, W. C. Zhou, J. Xu, Z. M, Li, F. Luo, D. M. Zhu, J. Alloys Compd. 492 (2010) L16. H. B. Jin, M. S. Cao, W. Zhou, S. Agathopoulos, Mater. Res. Bull. 45 (2010) 247.

Utopia Essay -- essays research papers

Utopia Utopias are generally said to be societies in which the political, social and economic troubles hampering its inhabitants has been done away with. Instead the state is there to serve the people and ensure the peacefulness and happiness of everyone. The word utopia, which means "no place" in Greek, was first used to mean a perfect society in 1516 in the publication of Saint Thomas More's story "Utopia". The story depicted life as it was with its people and social institutions on an imaginary island. More's Utopia gained critical acclaim and a wide audience. The term was subsequently used by all prominent social thinkers and visionaries to define other concepts of this kind. During the 19th century many attempts were made to actually establish communities which followed the beliefs of a utopian society. Most were experiments in utopian socialism. Although they differed considerably in their specific views, most of them agreed that ideal societies could be created without much difficulty. They felt all that was needed was to have the formation of a few small, cooperative communities made up of their followers. The comte de Saint-Simon regarded technological progress and large scale economic organization as being the most important keys to the establishment of these communities. It was felt that industrial growth was the key to happiness for people in the future. Another visionary, Fourier, was quite the opposite of Saint-Simon. He Spoke strongly against the use of industry. His opinion was that agricultural communities would be better suited for this situation. He favored these communities as he saw them as small, self-sufficient and more importantly, free from the restraints that were being imposed by civilization. Experimental societies based on the theories of the utopians were also set up in Europe and the Unites States. They included Robert Owen's cooperative communities in New Harmony, lnd., and New Lanark, Scotland. Most of these did not survive long. One of the longer lasting of these communities was the Oneida Community. It lasted from 1848 to 1881. By the middle of the 19th century the utopian socialists were beginning to be eclipsed by more militant radical movements. These... ...eat big leather lazyboy in front of the t.v. would also be required. Electronic gizmos of all shapes and sizes would surround me. Then as my children grew older, I'd hope to be able to provide them with the opportunity to receive a college education, as this is key to success. To see them go on to do well for themselves would make me very proud. By then I would start to contemplate retirement. I'd hope to have a nice little nest egg stashed away so that I may live comfortably for the rest of my life. I hope to grow old peacefully, and as gruesome as this may sound, I hope that when my time does come, I die in my sleep. Never felling a thing. I know that many of the things I just mentioned may never happen. Many of my wishes are just that, wishful thinking. It is just a concept of a type of life I would like to live. Real or not. But after all, its MY private utopia. Plus we must remember that utopias in these times in their most technical definition do not exist. They are merely ideas and concepts of the world as man would wish it were. Being a man in this world of ours, I have my wishes too.

MBA essay

Dear , As a student of [state you university here] taking up Mathematical and Computer Science,]   I was trained to be proficient in the various disciplines within the sciences.   And now that I am graduating this December 2007, I plan to take up master’s in business administration in Lamar in order to pursue my short-term goal of expanding my knowledge in business. I believe that having expertise in both science and business could help me a lot in terms of my career path and personal development. Science and business are two fields that offer bountiful opportunities especially if complemented with each other. I believe that science incorporated with a good business acumen would be instrumental in the realization of my long-term goal of being a manager for an esteemed company in the future. I believe that a master’s in business administration would prove to be assistive for my dream to hold a managerial position in a reputable company. Taking a Lamar master’s in business administration would be of help in terms of giving me more insight in how to make a business venture successful and beneficial to many people. At present, I observe that mainstream business tend to be more focused in just earning money alone. The ethical side of business is often forgotten in order to give way to the unrelenting drive for profit. Questions such as â€Å"How could this business be advantageous to the general populace?†Ã‚   or â€Å"How could this business help create wealth for many people† are now in danger of becoming obsolete. It was thus encouraging to know that the Lamar MBA puts a stress on business ethics. This shows the integrity of the university in imparting to its students (and would-be students) an ethical and at the same time profitable business venture. What also encouraged me to apply is the university’s experiential approach to analyzing situations and solving problems. This makes the program more dynamic since it doesn’t adhere to one formula alone. It allows the students to utilize lessons culled from their own experiences in order to make business more effective. This is exiting and challenging for me given my background. Having middle eastern roots, I came from a very conservative family. My decision to study in the US was very difficult considering that my family was disposed to the idea that I stay and study in my own country [state your country here]. After a good deal of convincing, my family finally approved my decision to study here in the US. I would have easily given up if not for my belief for a globally focused business. And being a melting pot of different cultures, US is an ideal place to exercise my belief for unity in diversity. Seeing and experiencing two different worlds was a profoundly life-changing experience. It actually shaped my identity as a multi-perspective individual.   This I believe forms the basis of my leadership qualities. To be a good leader, one must be able to accommodate various ideas in order to make something more vibrant and varied. My idea of a good leader is someone who is open-minded yet at the same time firm in making decisions. I got my idea of how a leader should be after working for two months in the US military. I chose to work in the military in order to learn straight from my father who works in the military as a general manager. There, I witnessed the effective way of dealing with different kinds of people. I have learned that respect is a key element in team building. For a particular team to function, the members, especially the leader, must show respect to everyone. Each one must also be disciplined and professional in dealing with the task at hand. Moreover, constructive criticisms should always be expected from everyone in order to correct what needs to be corrected. My idea of an effective leader was affirmed after taking a class under Professor [name the professor here.] He now teaches in Lamar university, and this is also one of the reasons why I am applying to this program. Professor [name of professor here] taught me a lot of valuable things that could not be found in our textbooks. This is not to say however, that he dismissed the importance of learning from books. What he did in our class was complement the things found in our textbook with practical lessons from our daily experiences. The effect was a much more comprehensive class. He also understood each of his students’ own capabilities and did not in any way try to set one standard of what a â€Å"good† student is. For him, all of us have potential and it is actually up to us to hone and nurture that   potential. This encouraged the students to work harder and be more efficient. I wouldn’t deny that my desire to apply in this university is partly due him. But above all, it is my determination to learn business that inspired me to apply to this program. Given my disposition and qualifications, I tender my application in the hope of getting accepted. I believe that my vision for an ethical business combined with science fits into this master’s program. To my mind, the master’s program would be a great venue for me to fully realize my potential and vision for a new brand of business. Through this program, I believe I could learn more and at the same time impart something that would further enliven our knowledge of business. Hoping for your positive response,   

How Friends Goes Bad Essay Example

How Friends Goes Bad Essay Example How Friends Goes Bad Essay How Friends Goes Bad Essay The Meselson Stahl Experiment Exist a lot of experiments in life, but I want to write about one specific because is one of the most important in biology, it is called â€Å"Meselson Stahl Experiment†. It was an experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958. They supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. Semiconservative replication means that when the double stranded DNA helix was replicated, each of the two double stranded DNA helices consisted of one strand coming from the original helix and one newly synthesized.It has been called â€Å"The most beautiful experiment in biology†. The concluded three hypotheses that had been previously proposed for the method of replication of DNA. In the semiconservative hypothesis, proposed by Watson and Crick, the two strands of a DNA molecule separate during replication. Each strand then acts as a template for synthesis of a new strand. The conservative hypothesis proposed that the entire DNA m olecule acted as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new one.According to this model, histone proteins bind to the DNA, revolving the strand and exposing the nucleotide bases for hydrogen bonding. The dispersive hypothesis is exemplified by a model proposed by Max Delbruck, which attempts to solve the problem of unwinding the two strands of the double helix by a mechanism that breaks the DNA backbone every ten nucleotides or so, untwist the molecule, and ataches the old strand to the end of a newly synthesized one.This would synthesize the DNA in short pieces alternating from one strand to the other. Each of these three models makes a different prediction about the distribution of the â€Å"old† DNA in molecules formed after replication. In the conservative hypothesis, after replication, one molecule is the entirely conserved â€Å"old† molecule, and the other is all newly synthesized DNA. The semionservative hypothesis predicts that each molecule after replica tion will contain one old and one new strand.The dispersive model predicts that each strand of each new molecule will contain a mixture of old and new DNA. The results Nitrogen is a major constituent of DNA. 14N is by far the most abundant isotope of nitrogen, but DNA with the heavier (but non-radioactive) 15N isotope is also functional. E. coli were grown for several generations in a medium with 15N. When DNA is extracted from these cells and centrifuged on a salt density gradient, the DNA separates out at the point at which its density equals that of the salt solution.The DNA of the cells grown in 15N medium had a higher density than cells grown in normal 14N medium. After that, E. coli cells with only 15N in their DNA were transferred to a 14N medium and were allowed to divide; the progress of cell division was monitored by measuring the optical density of the cell suspension. In conclusion data from generation one conflict with conservative replication hypothesis. Data from gene ration two conflict with dispersive replication hypothesis. Replication is semiconservative.

History or Japanese textiles essays

History or Japanese textiles essays The oldest extant Japanese textiles date from the Nara Period (710-785AD) and impressions of cords have been found on earthenware pots from the Jomon period of Japanese History (10,000-300 BC). Apart from these examples, very little is known of Japanese textiles prior to the 8th Century. However, Japanese textiles were strongly influenced by Chinese and Korean textiles from their inception and we can follow the evolution of Japanese textiles by studying the history of early Chinese and Korean textiles. The textile industry in China and Korea dates back to around 5000BC with woven textiles found in archaeological sites from this period. The raising of silk worms in captivity (sericulture) became widespread around 4000BC. The traditional use of textiles in these countries was for clothing, furnishings and ceremonial purposes such as alter clothes and ceremonial robes. The main fibres used for textiles in the China/Korea region were hemp, ramie, cotton and silk. The Chinese followed strict codes of dress according to classes and introduced strict sumptuary laws to enforce these codes. These laws dictated what fabrics, colours and designs should be worn by different classes of people. Royalty wore mostly silk and clothes decorated with embroidery. Commoners wore hemp, ramie and course cotton clothing. Tapestry, the use of weft threads that do not extend across the entire width of a piece of fabric but individual colours used in discrete areas, was introduced during the Sang Dynasty (960-1279 AD). Japanese textiles throughout the ages The oldest textiles in Japan can be found in a collection at the Shoshoin Temple in Nara, the ancient capital of Japan, near modern day Kyoto. These probably come from China and Korea because they were produced on a draw loom and it is not believed that the Japanese wove used draw looms in the 8th Century. Among this collection of textiles can be found Nishiki which is a textile with a ...

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

HRM - Essay Example or recruiting able and established staff is very much there since every organization or company for that matter wants to achieve efficiency and effectiveness when it comes to getting the things done in a quick manner. [Cooper, 2004] There are instances when employees have been known to prolong things just because they do not feel to be in the mood to do so. This is a definitive statement on the part of the employees that they were recruited wrongly at the time of their hiring and the organization did indeed make a mistake in choosing such a worker over other options that were available to it, not only in the United Kingdom but also around the world. It has been seen that at times, the top line personnel present in offices delegate jobs and assignments to their sub-ordinates without even thinking that the same might not be the correct manner and mode of action as to go about carrying out the tasks and responsibilities. They think that delegation would prosper a sense of getting more work within the sub-ordinates who themselves are pretty much occupied with their already assigned tasks and jobs. This is hence not the correct manner in which things should be done and hence a need has to be chalked out to ramify the very same problem. The best possible diversity that could be made in this regard is to appoint top line managers who understand the psyche of the people working under him or her or on the same level as his so that he or she can get a grasp as to what employees usually are best suited at and what they do not prefer under certain strenuous conditions in the office place environment. As a consequence, being able to do more work is definitely considered a plus and an added advantage for an employee but this should not, under any level, exceed his or her capabilities and skill sets. He or she must be assigned the amount of work which is proportionate with his or her pay, already set working conditions and more so the skills on the basis of which he or she was

Why is Face to Face Selling Important in a Time when Technology is Essay

Why is Face to Face Selling Important in a Time when Technology is Seemingly Important - Essay Example When you are starting out small, you are probably going to have to do a lot of selling in order to jump-start your business. Your effectiveness as a salesperson will be an absolutely critical factor in the success of your business. Later, as your business grows and prospers, you may be able to delegate more and more of the selling process to your employees. The majority of the products and services being sold business to business, as well as many sold to consumers, require a personal sales talk. Now, one disadvantage of selling by telephone or any other high-tech means is the lack of face-to-face contact (Wiersema, 1996). When you are sitting with a prospect, it's much easier to read their body language. You can see the look on their face when their confused about something you said. You can see the delight when you hit a hot button for them. You can read the shifts in their body as they respond to your every word. Non-verbal communication is missing when you sell by phone or by e-mail. Selling over the phone or any other non face-to-face means puts you at a huge disadvantage because numerous studies have shown that 55% of what we communicate is non-verbal. This technique will give you back the advantage you might have lost. By asking questions that solicit a response from your prospect you will get an idea of what's going on inside the prospect's mind. Another disadvantage of selling through high-tech gadgets is that it is somewhat like to traditional selling. Traditional selling entails the use of sales "scripts" that are both awkward and unnatural. Dozens of memorized closes, questions rigged with "tie-down" lines tricks the prospect into saying "yes", etc. This traditional selling sequence is contrived, and goes against natural flow of the prospect. And even when customers buy as a result of these high-pressure tactics, it's not because they want the product but because they are cornered or intimidated into the sale. On the contrary, selling face-to-face can get you into the mind of your prospect. Mind reading, as used ethically in sales and marketing, is simply the process of observing and utilizing natural human tendencies to sidestep the natural defense barriers that are obstacles in the sales process. In this manner, your prospect is a voluntary and willing participant, and becomes happily involved in a buying decision that you have rendered painless and even enjoyable. The sales process becomes a matter of just providing only the specific information in the order and context that your unique prospects require to buy. Since you're going to your prospect's natural flow, and using a selling sequence to which your prospect is naturally inclined, you eliminate any resistance. Selling couldn't be any easier. Further, face-to-face sales are one of the most original forms of marketing (Stone, 1997). In the past, door-to-door sales accounted for a significant percentage of sales for many companies. Companies like the Fuller Brush Company, Avon, and others have had great success with face-to-face sales over the years, and continue to use door-to-door marketing today, expanding their sales around the world (Treacy, et

Crisis Management unit 2 Complete Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crisis Management unit 2 Complete - Case Study Example BP also lacked proper mechanism in terms of the procedure and interpretation of the results for the negative pressure tests and hence even when they detected the pressure on the drill pipes, they assumed it was false negative and the presence of pressure indicated there was a leak and the seal had not been well secured. This eventually fueled the fire which led to casualties and the spill of crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico and ultimate loss to the BP Company, the Cameron International, Transocean and the government (Crandall, Parnell and Spillan, 2009). The latest news about the BP explosion is that The BP engineer who was overseeing the safety and all other activities in the oil rig will be the first to be prosecuted and he will be taking the blame for the accident (Thompson and Galofaro, 2013). This is scapegoating as the accident was created by the neglect of several people and not only the engineer. The management should also be charged as being solely responsible as well and not take the engineer as a sacrificial lamb in the accident that not only cause massive damage but deaths as well. The Deepwater Horizon accident was associated more with faulty process safety culture than with cost cutting. BP had used a lot of money in the process and due to fall back in the schedule, had incurred an additional $58 million not budgeted for. This however is not the reason that caused the accident. As explained in the summary above, BP overlooked some of the safety procedures required to seal of the BOP in order to ensure no gas leaks that could easily be ignited and cause a fire. The BOP had earlier on (a few weeks before) been slightly damaged but no action for repair or even mere inspection was carried out once funny and suspicious rubber pieces were found in the oil. They also overlooked the fact that in order to completely seal the BOP, they had to use 21 centralizers. They had only six and instead of waiting for the rest to arrive, they decided to use those six. During the negative pressure test, when they discovered pressure being released, they termed it as a false negative pressure reading and the pressure seeped with the gas through the not completely sealed BOP and it was ignited causing the fire and the complete destruction of BOP which was slightly destroyed hence causing the oil spill. The strategy BP undertook of ignoring the safety precautions and instructions standards set and the management providing instructions that overlooked the danger is what led to the crisis. On realization of the looming crisis whose signs were eminent for all to see, BP would have formed a crisis team to handle the situation but nothing of the sort was done. Since the management had the power, authority and mandate to make final decisions concerning the running of the whole process, their word concerning the crisis was final and their decision carried out. Their neglectful and rush decisions are what majorly contributed to the accident. The first of the steps is to appoint and empower a safety precaution and investigation team which would be mandated to carry out safety checks as regularly as possible. Next would be to work hand in hand with the employees opening up direct communication with them so that in case of any faults in the rig or any other

School Prayer & the US Constitution Essay Example for Free

School Prayer the US Constitution Essay Prelude There was a lot of happening in 1960’s, or so it seems. The lawyers, the clerics, the socialists, the politicians, the religious activists and the common public; they all appeared to have something critical, urgent and spat on their agenda; rather exceedingly controversial and notorious matter; the Prayer in Schools. Court prohibits Prayer in Schools Originally, the Warren Court of the 1960s declared prayer in public schools unconstitutional. By examining St. Louis Post-Dispatch, we can cover the story that Court ruled out Prayer in Schools emphasizing state is faithful to an arrangement of a neutral stance. The Supreme Court held June 17, 1963 wrap up that Bible reading and recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as exercises in public schools is unconstitutional. The decision came on the last day of the courts 1962-63 term. It proclaimed adjournment until October. The vote was 8 to 1, with Justice Tom C. Clark writing the majority opinion and Justice Potter Stewart delivering the balk. Justice William Joseph Brennan Jr. wrote a long agreement in the mainstream outlook as did Justices Arthur J. Goldberg and Justice John Marshall Harlan. The court ruled on two appeals openly concerning attacks on such daily prayer and Bible readings at opening exercises in public schools in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Conversely, the decision had a far- reaching effect on such practices in public schools across the land. The officially permitted inquiry concerned with the cases was whether such school recitals abuse the free exercise clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution, which says, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† Justice Clark declared that both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases could be disposed of in the equivalent belief because they heaved the similar fundamental pronouncement under vaguely dissimilar realistic circumstances. Clark said in the light of the history of the First Amendment and of the cases inferring and affecting its necessities, jury hold that the practices at issue and the laws requiring them are unconstitutional under the establishment clause, under the Fourteenth Amendment of US Constitution. In an earlier case, the court decided June 25, 1962, that the use in New York public schools of a nondenominational prayer which had been composed by state officials violated the First Amendment. The verdict in the New York case was 6 to 1, with Justice Stewart the lone dissenter. Justice Hugo Black was the author of the majority opinion. Justice Felix Frankfurter was ill at the time and did not participate. He later resigned and was succeeded by Justice Arthur Goldberg. Justice Byron R. White, new on the court, did not participate because he did not hear the arguments that preceded the ruling. Justice Clark wrote in 1963 decision that the place of religion in our society is an exalted one, achieved through a long tradition of reliance on the home, the church and the inviolable citadel of the individual heart and mind. In the relationship between man and religion, the state is firmly committed to a position of neutrality. Though the application of that rule requires interpretation of a delicate sort, the rule itself is clearly and concisely stated in the words of the First Amendment. In his dissent, Justice Stewart declared it was a â€Å"fallacious oversimplification† to observe supplies of the First Amendment as launching a single constitutional standard of â€Å"separation of church and state† which can be useful perfunctorily in every case to outline the requisite limitations between government and religion. He err in the first place if they do not recognize, as a matter of history and a matter of the imperatives of the free society, that religion and government must necessarily cooperate in innumerable customs. Although, the previous court decisions have made clear that there is no constitutional bar to use of government property for religious purposes, he said that previous cour t decisions relating to the public schools systems were inadequate to religious instruction or proselytizing actions of religious sects by chucking the weight of secular authority in the wake of the broadcasting the religious doctrine. He saw no danger to the government or religion in the exercises involved in the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases because they involved only a reading of the Bible single handed by remarks which otherwise constitute instruction. He felt the records of the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases were so essentially scarce as to make impossible an informed or accountable resolve of the constitutional issues offered. He didn’t agree that on the records they can say that the establishment clause has necessarily been violated. He favored sending both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases back to the lower courts for taking of additional evidence. In the Maryland case, Mrs. Madalyn E. Murray and her 16-year-old son, identifying themselves as atheists, attacked constitutionality of a Baltimore city school board regulation. The regulation called for daily opening exercises of Bible reading and recitation of the Lords Prayer. Objecting students are permitted to be excused from the exercises. Maryl ands court of appeals, by a 4-to-3 vote, ruled against objections by the Murrays. The state court said the Constitutions First amendment was not â€Å"intended to stifle all rapport between religion and government.† Counsel for the Murrays argued before the Supreme Court that the Maryland practice breached the figurative wall between church and state. The court was told that the son, William Murray, had been wounded by the practice in that he had lost caste, had been spat on, and was assailed by fellow students of William. In the Pennsylvania case, a three-judge United States district court in Philadelphia unanimously sustained protestations to a state law requiring Bible reading daily at opening exercises of the schools.(Woods) Historical perspective of the US Constitution When the Constitutional Convention initially gathered in Philadelphia in 1787, the spiritual backdrop of the states was diverse. Most states gave authorized gratitude to one recognized spiritual value. For Instance, The state of Virginia, accepted the â€Å"Episcopal Church† as re presentative of the state. Spiritual belief as a central part of colonial life was not in query. Somewhat, sacred matters that occured among states centered on the variations amid states’ conventional values. The political scene also turned off scripts of disunity. The Articles of Confederation had proved insufficient for governing, and the states were aggressive over issues of taxation—namely, which should pay the costs incurred by the Revolutionary War. As the Constitutional Convention assembled, observers supposed the thought of a Constitution, much less a nation, was delicate and quickly fading. Presided by George Washington, this conference of some of the original Founders was observed as a last endeavor for unity. During the Constitutional Convention, states quarreled and self-interest thrived, to the point that no progress was being made. It was then that an aged Ben Franklin stood and said: In the beginning of the contest with Britain, when we were sensible of danger, we had daily prayers in this room for Divine protection. Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of a superintending providence in our favor  ¼ and have we no w forgotten this powerful Friend? Or do we imagine we no longer need His assistance? I have lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth: ‘that God governs in the affairs of man.’ And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without His aid? I therefore beg leave to move that, henceforth, prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven and its blessings on our deliberations be held in this assembly every morning before we proceed to business â€Å" The 81-year-old Benjamin Franklin was not one of the more religiously-minded Founding Fathers—he actually believed more in the rational views of the French Enlightenment—yet he was willing to acknowledge the importance of prayer to the political aspirations of a nation. Not a prayer bound to a denomination, like the states already had, but prayer that acknowledged God as the Creator and Sustainer, prayer that outmoded the trivial blocs of authoritatively standard foundations. (MacLeod 1) Landmark Cases of Supreme Court ENGEL V. VITALE (1962) The Regents School Prayer What authority, if any, does the government have when it comes religious rituals lik e prayers? Can a government write specific prayers for public school students to recite every day? That used to be the case in many places in America, but that was challenged and ultimately struck down by the Supreme Court. This is one of the most important cases in the history of the Supreme Court’s church/state decisions. The State Board of Regents, which had supervisory power over New York public schools, had become concerned about an apparent decline in the morality of school students and so began a program of â€Å"moral and spiritual training† in the schools. This program included a prayer every morning which the Regents themselves had composed in a nondenominational form. Labeled the â€Å"To whom it may concern† prayer by one commentator, it stated: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. A group of 10 parents were joined by the ACLU in a suit against the Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York because they had adopted that prayer. Amicus curiae briefs were filed by the American Ethical Union, the American Jewish Committee and the Synagogue Council of America. Both the state court and the New York Court of Appeals allowed the prayer to be recited. Arguments were made on April 3rd, 1962. On June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court ruled 7 to 1 that it was unconstitutional for a government agency like a school or government agents like public school employees to require students to recite prayers. In his majority opinion, Justice Black sided substantially with the arguments of the separationists, who quoted heavily from Thomas Jefferson and made extensive use of his â€Å"wall of separation† metaphor. Particular emphasis was placed upon James Madison’s â€Å"Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments.† According to Black, the governmentally created prayer recitation is much like the English creation of the Book of Common Prayer. It was to avoid exactly this type of relationship between government and organized religion that many early colonists came to America. In his words, the prayer was â€Å"a practice wholly i nconsistent with the Establishment Clause.† Although the Regents argued that there was no compulsion on students to recite the prayer, Black observed that: Neither the fact that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observances on the part of students are voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the Establishment Clause The Establishment clause is violated regardless of whether there is any â€Å"showing of direct government compulsionwhether those laws operate directly to coerce non-observing individuals or not.† As if he anticipated the harsh public reaction, Black attempted to point out that the decision shows great respect for religion, not hostility. It is neither sacrilegious nor anti-religious to say that each separate government in this country should stay out of the business of writing or sanctioning official prayers and leave that purely religious function to the people themselves and to those the people choose to look to for religious guidance. This case was one of the first in a series of cases, many in the 1960s, in which a variety of religious activities sponsored by the government were found to violate the Establishment Clause. This was the first case which effectively prohibited the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp (from the following year) as is commonly thought. People were outraged that official prayers were no longer permitted in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Representative of most reactions was a statement from evangelist Billy Graham, who still opposes church/state separation even today: â€Å" This is another step toward the secularization of the United States. [] The framers of our Constitution meant we were to have freedom of religion, not freedom from religion†. Engel v. Vitale got the ball rolling on the separation of church and state in the latter half of the 20th century. (Cline, About: Agnosticism / Atheism) ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP MURRAY v. CURLETT (1963) Since of the embargo of the First Amendment against the acting out by C ongress of any law respecting an establishment of religion, which is made valid to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, no state law or school board may require that passages from the Bible be read or that the Lords Prayer be recited in the public schools of a State at the beginning of each school day even if individual students may be excused from attending or participating in such exercises upon written request of their parents. Mutually these cases transactc with â€Å"state-approved reading of Bible passages† before classes in public schools. Schempp was conveye to trial by a religious family who had dropped a line to the ACLU. The Schempps defied a Pennsylvania law which declared that: at least ten verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, without comment, at the opening of each public school day. Any child shall be excused from such Bible reading, or attending such Bible reading, upon written request of his parent or guardian. A federal district court banned this. Murray was conveyed to trial by an atheist: Madalyn Murray (later OHair), who was functioning on the part of her sons, William and Garth. Murray defied a Baltimore statute that supplied for the reading, without comment, of a chapter of the Holy Bible and/or of the Lords Prayer before the start of classes. This act was sustained by both a state court and the Maryland Court of Appeals in the Supreme Court. Opinions for both cases were taken notice of on the 27th and 28th of February, 1963. On the 17th of June, 1963, the Court ruled 8-1 against of allowing the re citing of the Bible verses and the Lords Prayer. Justice Clark wrote at length in his majority opinion about the history and significance of religion in America, but his finale was that the Constitution prohibits any concern of religion, that prayer is a form of religion, and that hence state- sponsored or mandated prayer in public schools cannot be permissible. For the foremost moment, an examination was formed to assess Establishment questions ahead of courts: what are the purpose and primary effect of the enactment? If either is the advancement or inhibition of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscribed by the Constitution. That is to say that to withstand the structures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. [emphasis added] Justice Brennan wrote in a concurring opinion that, while legislators argued that they had a secular purpose with their law, their goals could have been achieved with readings from secular document. The law, however, only specified the use of religious literature and prayer. That the Bible readings were to be made without comment demonstrated even further that the legislators knew that they were dealing with specifically religious literature and wanted to avoid sectarian interpre tations. A violation of the Free Exercise Clause was also created by the coercive effect of the readings. That this might demand only minor encroachments on the First Amendment, as argued by others, was unrelated. The proportional study of religious conviction in public schools is not forbidden but those religious adherences were not crafted with such visions in mentality. ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP was fundamentally a replicate of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court acknowledged constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises (even allowing parents to exempt their children) did not avert the statutes from violating the Establishment Clause. There was, of course, an intensely negative public reaction. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and effectively reverse both decisions. Representative L. Mendell Rivers accused the Court of legislating they never adjudicate with one eye on the Kremlin and the other on the NAACP. Cardinal Spellman claimed that the decision struck at the very heart of the Godly tradition in which Americas children have for so long been raised. Although people frequently argue that Murray, who later instituted the American Atheists, was the women who got prayer put the boot of public schools and, it should be apparent that even had she never survived, the Schempp case still would have approached to the Supreme Court in some moment in time . (Cline, About: Agnosticism / Atheism) LEMON v. KURTZMAN (1971) There are a lot of people in America who would like to see the government provide funding to private, religious schools. Critics argue that this would violate the separation of church and state and sometimes the courts agree with this position. This was actually three separate cases: Lemon v. Kurtzman, Earley v. DiCenso, and Robinson v. DiCenso. These cases from Pennsylvania and Rhode Island were joined together because they all involved public assistance to private schools, some of which were religious. The final decision has become known by the first case in the list: Lemon v. Kurtzman. Pennsylvania’s law provided for paying the salaries of teachers in parochial schools and assisting the purchasing of textbooks or other teaching supplies, as required by Pennsylvania’s Non-Public Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1968. In Rhode Island, the 15% of the salaries of private school teachers was paid by the government as mandated by the Rhode Island Salary Supplement Act of 1969. In both cases the teachers were teaching secular, not religious, subjects. Arguments were made on March 3rd, 1971. On June 28th, 1971, the Supreme Court unanimously found that direct government assistance to religious schools was unconstitutional. In the majority opinion written by Chief Justice Burger, the Court created what has become known as the â€Å"Lemon Test† for deciding if a law is in violation of the Establishment Clause. Accepting the secular purpose attached to both statutes by the legislature, the Court did not pass on the secular effect test, inasmuch as excessive entanglement was found. This entanglement arose because the legislature has not, and could not, provide state aid on the basis of a mere assumption that secular teachers under religious discipline can avoid conflicts. The State must be certain, given the Religion Clauses, that subsidized teachers do not inculcate religion. Because the schools concerned were religious schools, because they were under the control of the church hierarchy, and because the primary purpose of the schools was the propagation of the faith, a comprehensive, discriminating, and continuing state surveillance will inevitably be required to ensure that these restrictions [on religious utilization of aid] are obeyed and the First Amendment otherwise respected. This sort of relationship could lead to any number of political problems in areas in which a large numbers of students attend religious schools — just the sort of situation that the First Amendment was designed to prevent. Chief Justice Burger further wrote: Every analysis in this area must begin with consideration of the cumulative criteria developed by the Court over many years. First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances or inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster and excessive government Entanglement with religion. The â€Å"excessive entanglement† criteria was a new addition to the other two, which had already been created in the Abington Township School District v. Schempp. The two statutes in question were held to be in violation of this third criteria. This decision is especially significant because it created the aforementioned Lemon Test for evaluating laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a benchmark for all later decisions regarding religious liberty some people love it, some hate it. (Cline, About: Agnosticism / Atheism) Court Tests Applied to Legislation Affecting Religion The Lemon Test Founded on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Court will regulate a practice unconstitutional if: 1) It lacks any secular purpose. That is, if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose. 2) The practice either promotes or inhibits religion. 3) Or the practice excessively (in the Courts opinion) involves government with a religion. The Coercion Test Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, pressure is applied to force or coerce individuals to participate. The Court has defined that Unconstitutional coercion occurs when: (1) the government directs (2) a formal religious exercise (3) in such a way as to oblige the participation of objectors. The Endorsement Test Finally, drawing from the 1989 case of Allegheny County v. ACLU, the practice is examined to see if it unconstitutionally endorses religion by conveying a message that religion is favored, preferred, or promoted over other beliefs. The Establishment Clause and the Lemon Tests Based on its 1971 decision in the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court came up with the three tests of any religion-related law. The Lemon test is still used by the Court today to determine whether or not the law meets constitutional muster. In order for any law to satisfy the First Amendment, it: 1) Must have some secular, or non-religious legal purpose; 2) must neither promote or inhibit the practice of religion; and 3) must not must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion. In its Lemon decision, the Supreme Court concludes, [i]f a statute violates any of these three principles, it must be struck down under the Establishment Clause. Lemon Test v. The Ten Commandments When viewed against the Lemon tests, the first four of the Ten Commandments would fail because they have no secular, or non-religious legal purpose. Instead, they concern only specific religious duties expected of believers. 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the wa ter under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them. 3. Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. However, commandments 5-10, taken by themselves, make no mention of religion at all. Instead, they are all rules of proper conduct by people in society and are thus completely secular in nature. 5. Honour thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbours. But, the Aderholt Amendment did not rule out the first four commandments from contemplation. The 284 U.S. Representatives vote for it. They drew from the expressions of the people who engraved the Constitution. (US Govt. Info, Court Tests) Separation of Church and State Separation of church and state is not even stated i n the U.S. Constitution, since its drafters did not perceive a dichotomy between their religious beliefs and the manuscript that constructed their Republic. However separation of church and state came primarily from two sources, a letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to a group of ministers and from the U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The Danbury Letter. Thomas Jefferson wrote the famous phrase separation of church and state in a letter to the Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut. He was responding to the letter they had written, part of which said: Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious Liberty—That Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and Individuals—That no man ought to suffer in Name, person or effects on account of his religious Opinions—That the legitimate Power of civil Government extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbor. Jefferson’s response to their letter was amicable. He said, Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions [emphasis added], I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ‘make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,’ thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties. Jefferson’s declaration of a wall of separation between Church and State expressed his opinion that the federal government did not have the auth ority to prescribe even occasional performances of [religious] devotion. He did not question the validity of religious belief, but he constructed his wall to protect religious freedom of conscience from the potential of one federally recognized religion. His fears were well founded. In his Inaugural Address of the previous year, Jefferson had noted that America had banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered. Clearly, Jefferson decried the federal domination of religious freedom through one established church. In addition, when Jefferson founded the University of Virginia, the Pamphlet of University Regulations included two sections that read: No compulsory attendance on prayers or services. Each denomination to send a clergyman to conduct daily prayers and Sunday service for two weeks. Was this a man who would have sanctioned the complete removal of any form of prayer from the public schools of America? Obviously, Thomas Jefferson’s views on church and state have been grossly distorted. Everson v. Board of Education. The second notable mention of the phrase separation of church and state came in the 1947 U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The plaintiff argued the New Jersey law that reimbursed parents for the cost of bus transportation—to public and religious schools—violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court said that it did not. In the majority opinion, however, Justice Hugo Black used language to set the stage for damaging rulings in the future. He wrote that the Establishment Clause created a complete separation between the state and religion. Jefferson’s letter was written 10 years after the ratification of the First Amendment, yet Black relied upon his own interpretation of Jefferson’s words, rather than on the text of the First Amendment, to set the Everson precedent for future rulings. Twentieth-Century Cases Twentieth-century courts, based predominately on Jefferson’s l etter and on the precedent Justice Black created in Everson, have argued that the Constitution intended to separate all religious expression from public life. Yet that ignores the textual history and the original intent of James Madison, the author of these religion clauses. It also ignores the broad, historical context. The men who hammered out each section of the Constitution also believed in the importance of daily prayer. The Establishment Clause has often been misinterpreted to mean that any link to religion is establishing religion. One of the causes of this is a simple alteration of the wording in the First Amendment. The clause reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. It does not read, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, as it is often misquoted. If the article is read as the, then it refers to establishment of all religion in general. If the article is an, then it clearly refers to a specific religion or denomination—an interpretation backed up by historical records. Realizing that the amendment uses the word an helps clarify the meaning of the Framers. So, rather than attempting to separate themselves from religious belief and expression, the Framers were trying to keep one denomination from being favored over another. The twentieth-century cases pertinent to the issue of school prayer do not recognize those differences. They have clearly been built upon the framework created by Everson, as summaries of key cases demonstrate: McCollum v. Board of Education (1948). It is a violation of the Establishment Clause for Jewish, Catholic or Protestant religious leaders to lead optional/voluntary religious instruction in public school buildings. Engel v. Vitale (1962). The daily recitation of prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963). Daily school-directed reading of the Bible (without comment), and daily recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, violates the Establishment Clause when performed in public schools. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971). This ruling created the three-part Lemon test for determin ing violations of the Establishment Clause. Stone v. Graham (1980). The Court struck down a state law requiring public schools to post the Ten Commandments (with a notice of secular application). Wallace v. Jaffree (1985). A state law requiring a moment of meditation or voluntary prayer was struck down as an establishment of religion because the intent of the legislature was deemed to be religious rather than secular. By Justice Stevens scripting the mass judgment, the Court decided 6-3 that the Alabama law providing for a moment of silence was unconstitutional. The decision underlined that inspection the Supreme Court apply while assessing the constitutionality of government actions. Pretty than allow the argument that the inclusion of or voluntary prayer was a slight accumulation with a bit realistic implication, the goal of the legislature that approved it was adequate to display the unconstitutionality of prayer. Lee v. Weisman (1992). A private, nongovernmental individual (in this case a rabbi) at a public school graduation cannot offer prayer. Student rights were infringed upon, according to the Court, because the important nature of the event in effect compelled them to attend graduation. That, in effect, compelled students to bow their heads and be respectful during the prayer, which the Court ruled was a constitutional violation. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Jane Doe (2000). The Court struck down a school district’s policy that allowed an elected student chaplain to open football games with a public prayer. Even though high school football games are purely voluntary activities, the Court concluded that the policy establishes an improper majoritarian election on religion, and unquestionably has the purpose and creates the perception of encouraging the delivery of prayer at a series of important school events. Each of those cases paid attention on the Establishment Clause to the damage of the Free Exercise Clause. That has been the trend of the twentieth century. The courts have too quickly forgotten that the Constitution explicitly protects the free exercise of religion. (MacLeod 2-3) â€Å"The earlier cases were more black and white, and the later ones were more grey in terms of the issues: Stink of Unfairness in Later School Prayer Cases† The era of 1980s instigated with a diktat not in favor of the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms, and by 1985 even so much as one minute of silence, for meditation or prayer by students, turned out to be inviolable; even though firm decisions delivered by the supreme court (see Engel v. Vitale. Abington School District v. Schempp, Lemon v. Kurtzman). Engel v. Vitale case was one of the first in its origin in which a range of holy conducts backed by the government were found to defy the Establishment Clause. This was the first case which successfully forbidden the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp which is frequently considered. Public were irritated that official prayers were no longer legalized in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Delegates of most reactions were a declaration from evangelist Billy Graham, who still refuses to accept church/state separation yet at present. Abington School District v. Schempp case was fundamentally a consequence of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court recognized constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises. There was, of course, an hugely harmful public behaviour. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit sch ool prayer and successfully overturn both verdicts. Lemon v. Kurtzman decision was particularly noteworthy because it created the aforementioned Lemon Test for assessing laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a yardstick for all later decisions concerning religion freedom. By the turn of the 21st century the extirpation of faithfulness from government schools had been merged, and the mugging on religion in public life fanned out into society at large. Proclamations were subjected exalting vice and suppressing virtue. The year2004 saw the outrage of despair, elevated to a â€Å"full right† under the Constitution, even as God’s Ten Commandments were driven off public property. In the supreme court of Alabama the Chief Justice dared to resist, and was stripped of his office. The judicial oligarchy forced all these changes in the name of the Constitution. The school cases were precise to the establishment clause of the First Amendment. So far the Amendment has a complimentary implement of religion clause, which the politburo of nine has elected to downplay or minimally ignorant. For instance, the Lee v. Weisman decision failed to reverse the standards established by the Court in Lemon. Instead, this ruling extended the prohibition of school prayer to graduation ceremonies and refused to accept the idea that a student would not be harmed by standing during the prayer without sharing the message contained in the prayer. Similarly, Upon reading Santa Fe, Ingebretsen, and Clear Creek II, it seems, with regard to the Establishment Clause, that panels of our court pay little regard to previous jurisprudence. One might think that a specific holding of a prior opinion is no more than a puff of wind. Santa Fe disregards Clear Creek II today. The next panel can disregard Santa Fe tomorrow. When judges can pick and choose without the constraints imposed by precedent, the public is left stranded, vulnerable to liability, helplessly dependent on the panel it draws. We could fulfill our constitutional and professional duty to the public, vote this case en banc, and be of a single voice. But when our court refuses to rehear en banc cases such as Santa Fe, this unrestrained decision-making goes uncorrected. This failure to act, in turn, allows individual members of our court to continue to engage in an activity that has all the appearance of simply advancing personal philosophy. The Alito Nomination: Chief Justice John Roberts and future Justice Samuel Alito probably mean a more conservative Supreme Court. But it probably doesn’t mean a stream of clear-cut conservative breakthroughs on abortion, affirmative action, school prayer or even flag burning. The future of constitutional rulings on those and other hot button issues will be determined by two words: Anthony Kennedy. That’s an oversimplification of course. But it seems likely that on a number of issues, there will be four conservatives, four liberals and there will be Justice Kennedy. Unlike Roberts and Alito who went to lengths to leave the world guessing about how they will rule, we know a lot about what Anthony Kennedyism means because he has already faced these issues as a justice. It means Roe v. Wade isn’ t overturned, but partial birth abortion is banned and other abortion restrictions are accepted. Affirmative action is more constrained but not ruled unconstitutional. State-sponsored displays of religious symbols are more likely to be tolerated, but the ban on school prayer is not overturned. Burning a U.S. flag to protest, and viewing pornography on the internet continue to be constitutionally protected activities but McCain-Feingold- type regulations on political campaigning are vulnerable to First Amendment challenges. On the first day of the Alito hearings, Sen. Joseph Biden, D.-Del., said that the â€Å"elephant in the room†¿ was the question of whether Alito would cast the decisive votes to reject the direction in which the Supreme Court has been going for the past 70 years. Over the next two and a half days, Alito endorsed some of those precedents (Brown v. the school board, one-person, one-vote, and the Constitutional right of privacy, at least as far as the contraception cases.) Alito also danced artfully around senators’ efforts to commit himself on some other precedents, most especially relating to abortion. This is the current state-of-the-art strategy for confirmation, and it appears to be working well. The intensity of the pro-choicer campaign a gainst Alito leads one to forget that there are still five votes to affirm Roe, and that on many of the issues liberals care about, Kennedy has affirmed the basic Warren Court breakthrough rulings. Depending on the the health of Kennedy and the four liberals, and the outcome of future elections, the stakes simply may not be as high as Biden’s elephant’s eye. (That was an elaborate conflation of the previous reference with a corny lyric from â€Å"Oh What a Beautiful Morning.† Ask your parents.†) If Roberts and Alito turn out to be solid allies of Scalia and Thomas, if the liberals stay together and stay well, and if Kennedy sticks with his established positions, that means: †¢Roe v. Wade is not overturned. Kennedy and the four liberals have already rejected that idea. But the congressional ban partial birth abortion is upheld. Kennedy already voted to uphold it once before. And other restrictions on abortion rights will be accepted. †¢Affirmative action is not ruled unconstitutional at its core. Scalia and Thomas have indicated a willingness to strike it down completely. But Kennedy declined to join those opinions. On the other hand, college s and universities will have an even rougher time figuring out how to construct a constitutional affirmative action program. In 2003, Justice O’Connor joined the four liberals in upholding the University of Michigan Law School’s admissions program, which claimed to have found a way to act affirmatively without explicit quotas or race-based point systems. Kennedy and the conservatives formed a four-member bloc that didn’t buy it. Quite likely, if a similar question makes it to the court, Kennedy will cast the decisive vote. †¢State-sponsored displays of religious symbols, like the 10 commandments, are more likely to be tolerated when Kennedy’s becomes the key swing vote. But the breakthrough Warren-era decision, banning school prayer, will not be overturned. Kennedy has already endorsed that precedent. †¢Kennedy’s free speech jurisprudence has a strong libertarian streak. That has helped liberals construe the burning of a U.S. flag by protesters and viewing pornography on the internet as constitutionally protected activities under the First Amendment. But Kennedy ’s libertarian streak made him leery of McCain-Feingold-type regulations that restrict political advertising in the name of campaign finance reform. The next time those issues roll around, Kennedy may provide the fifth vote necessary to strike down those regulations on First Amendment grounds. ( Black and Tice 1-2) Arguments against and in favor of School Prayer: School Prayer was a chief center of attention of Darrell Scott’s (father of Rachel Scott, a victim of the Columbine High School Shootings in Littleton, Colorado) testimony to the House Judiciary Committee in a exceptional session of the U.S. Congress on Thursday, May 27, 1999. What Darrell Scott said to our national leaders regarding school prayer was utterly factual and enlightening for all of us. The following is a portion of the transcript: â€Å"I wrote a poem just four nights ago that expresses my feelings best. This was written before I knew I would be speaking here today. Your laws ignore our deepest needs, Your words are empty air. Youve stripped away our heritage, Youve outlawed simple prayer. Now gunshots fill our classrooms, And precious children die. You seek for answers everywhere, And ask the question, Why? You regulate restrictive laws, Through legislative creed. And yet you fail to understand, That God is what we need! Men and women are three-part beings. We all consist of body, soul, and spirit. When we refuse to acknowledge a third part of our make-up, we create a void that allows evil, prejudice, and hatred to rush in and wreak havoc. Spiritual influences were present within our educational systems for most of our nations history. Many of our major colleges began as theological seminaries. This is a historical fact. What has happened to us as a nation? We have refused to honor God, and in doing so, we open the doors to hatred and violence. And when something as terrible as Columbines tragedy occurs, politicians immediately look for a scapegoat such as the NRA. They immediately seek to pass more restrictive laws that contribute to the erosion of our personal and private liberties. We do not need more restrictive laws. Eric and Dylan would not have been stopped by metal detectors. No amount of gun laws can stop someone who spends months planning this type of massacre. The real villain lies within our own hearts. Political posturing and restrictive legislation are not the answers. The young people of our nation hold the key. There is a spiritual awakening taking place that will not be squelched! We do not need more religion. We do not need more gaudy television evangelists spewing out verbal religious garbage. We do not need more million dollar church buildings built while people with basic needs are being ignored. We do need a change of heart and a humble acknowledgment that this nation was founded on the principle of simple trust in God! As my son, Craig, lay under that table in the school library and saw his two friends murdered before his very eyes, he did not hesitate to pray in school. I defy any law or politician to deny him that right! I challenge every young person in America, and around the world, to realize that on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High S chool, prayer was brought back to our schools. Do not let the many prayers offered by those students be in vain. Dare to move into the new millennium with a sacred regard for legislation that protects your God-given right to communicate with Him.† (Popular Issues, School Prayer) There is always a state of war between secular humanists and groups like the Christian Coalition are concerning prayer in high schools and the victim is the innocent average high school kid. Each moment in time the argument is reawakened it concludes in a deadlock. The supporters of prayers say it will add to the broadmindedness in schools, as children be taught of diverse religions will convey to surface the special inquiries kids have about God and religion and allow them to investigate for their own conviction. The majority of them believe that prayers will lend a hand overturning the moral degradation of the society. Contrarily, Secularists shapes the public schools exist to educate, not to proselytize. Religion is private, and schools are public, both of the things couldn’t be intermixable. Whilst the sunup members of the clergy supports prayer during the Constitutional Convention and in ordinances governing education, the U.S. Supreme Court has vividly transferred their original premises. Some legal scholars and special interest groups have built upon those precedents, creating other rationalizations for limiting religious expression in America’s public schools. The mainly widespread squabble of such individuals is that the government has a responsibility to be neutral, so that no child is offended by the religious speech of another. This is erroneous because the issue cannot be neutral. Elimination of religious expression for the atheist will offend the child who believes in God. So, the schools must choose. Since 1962, they have sided with the small, nonreligious minority of atheists which, as recent Newsweek poll shows, consists of only 4 percent of the population. By contrast, 94 percent of respondents to that same survey professed a religious faith, and 61 percent said that they agreed with the statement that religion is very important in their lives. If free religious expression in the form of prayers is forbidden, school officials are, at the very least, teaching children that public recognition of God is not as significant as the things the schools can argue. It looks irrational that public schools permits open discussion about sexism but do not permit unwrap conversation regarding God. The courts have elapsed that schools can allocate free religious expressions devoid of implementing any meticulous category of spiritual consideration. Another dilemma is School prayer polarizes citizens around a religious axis. so far the First Amendment was printed to evade the bickers that might effect in the midst of values. Not tolerating prayer has done more to polarize citizens than almost any other issue in American history. Allowing prayer would put decision-making back in the hands of parents and local school boards, where it once rested. Those local boards could position guiding principles that would permit students who object to all prayer or some prayers not to chip in, just as many religious students have opted out of sex education classes at school place. That would obviously revere the rights of the minority, without infringing upon the rig hts of the majority. Local school boards would also be sheltered by the constitutional time/place/manner restrictions that apply equally to religious and nonreligious dialogue. In due course, a reinstatement of liberated expression to local public schools would unite, not polarize, citizens. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment presents that government shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion. Because public schools are government funded, prayer led by school officials or incorporated into the school routine amounts to government-established religion. Prayer is school is already legal. Students are already allowed to pray on a voluntary basis (in a non-disruptive way) so formal school prayer is unnecessary. School prayer may lead to intolerance. Public prayer will emphasize religious diversity of which students may have been oblivious. Those students who withdraw from school prayer or dissent against it may be detested. School prayer is intrinsically coercive and cannot be implemented in a way that is truthfully intentional. The public school system is created for all students and supported by all taxpayers. It should therefore remain neutral on religious issues over which students and taxpayers will differ. Since no formal school prayer could simultaneously honor and uphold the tenets of the many religions practiced in the U.S., as well as various denominational differences, prayer is better left in the home and religious institution of the individual student’s choice. An associated squabble is that school prayer assumes the function of parents and religious institutions who wish to offer religious instruction in keeping with their possessive viewpoints. (All About History, School Prayers) Ishmael Jaffree alleged after Supreme Court decision (1985): For me, the battle is over. But prayer will go on in the schools. It just wont go on in any of my childrens classes. (NY Times B5:1) Works Cited Edward F. Woods. â€Å"Court Outlaws Prayer in Schools†.(1963) St. Louis Post-Dispatch Laurel MacLeod. â€Å"School Prayer And Religious Liberty: A Constitutional Perspective†. (2000) http://www.cwfa.org/images/content/cwaicon.ico Frohnmayer, John. â€Å"Out of Tune: Listening to the First Amendment. Golden, Colorado† North American Press, (1995). Austin Cline. â€Å"Prayers in Public Schools†. About: Agnosticism / Atheism. http;//usgovtifo.about.com â€Å"Church and State: How the Court Decides†. US Govt. Info/ Resources http;//usgovtifo.about.com â€Å"School Prayer Case Law- Absolute Necessity†. Popular Issues http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org Choper, Jesse H. â€Å"Securing Religious Liberty: Principles for Judicial Interpretation of the Religious Clauses†. University of Chicago Press. (1995). Erick Black and DJ Tice. â€Å"The Big Question: Who was the elephant NOT in the room†? Star Tribune (2006) http://www.startribune.com/blogs/bigquestion/?m=200601 â€Å"Arguments Against School Prayer†. All About History http://www.allabouthistory.org Ishmael Jaffree. â€Å"Quotation of the Day†. The New York Times. B5:1, Published: June 5, 1985.